Ultrastructural changes in the rabbit liver induced by carbamate insecticide bendiocarb

Abstract

Carbamates (CB) are used as insecticides and some of them have been registered as human drugs. The mechanism of CB poisoning involves reversible inhibition of acetylcholine esterase. In the present study, we investigated changes in liver ultrastructure in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) which were administered bendiocarb for 3, 10, 20, and 30 days. Rabbits in all experimental groups received capsules of bendiocarb (96% Bendiocarb, Bayer, Germany) per os daily at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight, and after day 11 received the same dose every 48 h. The observed changes were only moderate, focal, and the effect on the liver was not uniform. On the third day of the experiment, injured hepatocytes had dilated bile capillaries with reduced microvilli. There were no visible alterations in the intercellular contacts. Nuclei of these cells were irregular in shape. Many hepatocytes showed considerable increase in the number of peroxisomes. On day 10 of the experiment, the number of peroxisomes was reduced. Other changes, such as dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum were observed on day 20. The number of lipid droplets in hepatocytes gradually increased. Usually they were present in low numbers, but on day 30 of the experiment their number increased significantly. They coalesced and formed a single lipid droplet which changed the shape of the nuclei. The results presented in this study indicate that both short and long-term administration of bendiocarb affects the liver ultrastructure. At the same time we also observed rapid onset of regeneration of the damaged tissue through activation of hepatocytes and oval cells.

Effect of the bendiocarb on the ultrastructure of rabbit skeletal muscle

“…Bendiocarb was shown to alter homeostasis (Capcarova et al 2010;Mojzisova et al 2012) and induce morphological changes in different organs such as the thymus, kidneys, and liver (Flesarova et al 2007;Almášiová et al 2014;Holovska et al 2014). In agreement with previously published studies, it can be concluded that bendiocarb adversely affected the structure of rabbit tissues and organs.…”

Hepatoprotector Effect of Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) and Folic Acid to the Liver Histopathological Desccription of Pregnant Wistar Female Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Induced by Carbamate

“…Keracunan karbamat dapat terjadi melalui inhalasi, gastrointestinal (oral) atau kontak kulit (Gupta, 2014). Karbamat dapat menimbulkan efek toksik melalui hambatan enzim asetilkolinesterase (AChE) pada sinapsis syaraf dan myoneural junctions yang bersifat reversibel (Holovska et al, 2014). Selain menghambat aktivitas AChE, karbamat juga telah dilaporkan dapat menyebabkan perubahan fungsional dan histologis setelah pajanan jangka panjang dan dosis tinggi pada kulit, mata, hemoepoitik, ginjal, testis, dan hati (Gupta, 2014).…”

“…Hal ini membuktikan bahwa pemberian karbamat secara oral dengan dosis 10 mg/kgBB selama 14 hari dapat menimbulkan kerusakan pada jaringan hati tikus. Temuan ini sesuai dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Barfield-Burlinson (2015) dan Holovska (2014) bahwa karbamat dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada jaringan hati. Penghambatan AChE yang diakibatkan oleh karbamat akan menyebabkan penumpukan asetilkolin, dan menyebabkan pembetukan NO menjadi tidak terkontrol, kemudian NO akan menyebabkan kerusakan sel melalui beberapa cara, yaitu, NO yang berlebih tidak seimbang dengan antioksidan tubuh sehingga masih banyak NO dalam bentuk bebas, dan cenderung berikatan dengan O2membentuk ONOO-, ONOO-memiliki sifat senyawa radikal yang sangat kuat yang dapat menimbulkan lipid peroksidasi (Radi et al, 1991;Cross et al, 1998).…”

“…Menurut Murphy (1999), NO dapat dengan mudah berdifusi ke dalam sel, yang akan berinteraksi dengan mitokondria dan meningkatkan permeabilitas transisi membran dalam mitokondria (mPT). Meningkatnya permeabilitas membran dalam mitokondria akan menimbulkan senyawa-senyawa yang berukuran lebih besar dapat masuk ke dalam mitokondria sehingga menyebabkan kerusakan dalam mitokondria (Mukhopadpay, 2009) Proliferasi peroksisom juga terjadi pada sel hati akibat terpapar oleh karbamat, akan menyebabkan gangguan pada produksi dan degenerasi dari H 2 O 2 yang merupakan radikal bebas dan akan menyebabkan peroksidasi lipid (Holovska, 2014). Kemudian, kondisi selama masa kehamilan juga akan menyebabkan penurunan dari CYP1A2 sehingga meningkatkan risiko kerusakan hati akibat dari paparan zat xenobiotik yang berlebihan, yang dalam penelitian ini adalah karbamat (Tracy et al, 2005).…”

Physiological, Developmental, and Biomarker Responses of Zebrafish Embryos to Sub-Lethal Exposure of Bendiocarb

“…Carbamates are one of the most frequently applied pesticides, commonly used in household and agricultural pest control [2][3][4]. WHO also recommends carbamates for malaria control [5][6][7][8], although various carbamate compounds are more toxic to vertebrates than other groups of pesticides [9]. Bendiocarb (2,2-dimethyL,3-benzodioxol-4-yl-Nmethylcarbamate) belongs to the widely used carbamate compounds.…”