Physiological, Developmental, and Biomarker Responses of Zebrafish Embryos to Sub-Lethal Exposure of Bendiocarb

Abstract

Bendiocarb is a broad-spectrum insecticide recommended for malaria control by the World Health Organization (WHO). Still, bendiocarb poses a toxic risk to populations of nontargeted aquatic organisms. Thus, our study was aimed to evaluate the sub-lethal effects of bendiocarb exposure on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos by assessing of physiological, developmental, and biochemical parameters. Bendiocarb-induced adverse effects on embryonic development, larval growth, heart rate, changes in phase II detoxifying enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, oxidative stress-related enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)), and the damage-linked biomarker lipid peroxidation (LPO) in early life stage zebrafish were investigated. Our results highlight that the selected nonlethal concentrations (96 h median lethal concentration in this study was 32.52 mg/L−1) of bendiocarb inflicted adverse effects resulting in embryo deformities (96 h EC50 = 2.30 mg L−1), reduced body- and notochord length (above 0.75 and 0.39 mg L−1 bendiocarb concentrations at 96 hpf, respectively), oxidative stress, and altered heart rate (above 0.4 mg L−1 at 48 hpf) in the studied model system.

Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis Effects in Zebrafish Larvae after Rapid Exposure to a Commercial Glyphosate Formulation

“…The assessment of the environmental safety of a pesticide is essential to ensure the protection of ecosystem life [ 35 ]. Several studies have shown that pollutants trigger oxidative stress and apoptosis in different fish species [ 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 ]. Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance between ROS production and the availability of antioxidants or radical scavengers [ 77 ].…”

Sublethal biochemical, behavioral, and physiological toxicity of extremely low dose of bendiocarb insecticide in Periplaneta americana (Blattodea: Blattidae)

“…Effects of sublethal doses of bendiocarb on various organisms were tested before (Gazsi et al 2021;Kunkel et al 2001;MacKenzie and Winston 1989;Tarek et al 2018). However, in all available researches, the tested concentrations were only a little bit lower than LD 50 and admittedly the lethal effect was not observed, but evident physiological and behavioral changes were present.…”

“…Carbamates are one of the most commonly used insecticides in agriculture and other industries (Grupta and Milatovic 2018 ). The consequence of extensive use of bendiocarb is the accumulation of its residues in the environment (Gazsi et al 2021 ). Bendiocarb was detected in surface waters in concentration range of µg/L in Japan (Tatarazako and Iguchi 2012 ) and Saudi Arabia (Saeid et al 2011 ).…”

Effect of Momordica cochinchinensis extract on locomotor function and brain antioxidant enzyme activity in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated zebrafish Parkinson’s disease model

“…SOD activity was measured following the method of Gazsi et al [10], with modifications. In brief, the 10 mL reaction mixture contained 2.5 mL of 216 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), 0.1 mL of 10.7 mM EDTA, 0.1 mL of 1.1 mM cytochrome C, 5.0 mL of 0.108 mM xanthine, and 2.3 mL of distilled water.…”