Sublethal biochemical, behavioral, and physiological toxicity of extremely low dose of bendiocarb insecticide in Periplaneta americana (Blattodea: Blattidae)

Abstract

Insecticides are dedicated to impair the insect organisms, but also have an impact on other, non-target organisms, including humans. In this way, they became important risk factor for disturbance of physiological homeostasis and can be involved in the development of diseases or in deterioration of existing conditions. The influence of sublethal doses of various insecticides on vertebrates’ and invertebrates’ organisms has been previously observed. In this paper, we have evaluated the impact of exposure to extremely low dose of neurotoxin, bendiocarb (0.1 nM), a commonly used carbamate insecticide on a model organism in neurobiology—Periplaneta americana. The assessment was performed on all levels of animal organism from molecular (oxidative stress parameters: phosphorylation level of proteins, cAMP level, protein kinase A and C levels, and octopamine) to physiological (heart beat and gas exchange tests) and behavioral (motor skills assay, grooming test). Exposure to such a low level of bendiocarb did not cause direct paralysis of insects, but changed their grooming behavior, decreased heart rate, and increased gas exchange. We also observed the increased parameters of oxidative stress as well as stressogenic response to 0.1 nM bendiocarb exposure. Exposure to a trace amount of bendiocarb also increased sensitivity to effective doses of the same insecticide, thus acts as preconditioning. These results force us to reconsider the possible risk from frequent/continuous exposure to traces of pesticide residues in the environment to human health.

Sublethal Effects of Selected Insecticides on Oxidative Status and Antioxidants in Cowpea Weevil, Callosobruchus Maculatus (F.) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

“…investigated the potential relationship between the glutathione antioxidant defense system in C. maculatus and the pesticidal effectiveness of several documented bio-insecticides and commercially synthetic insecticides. On contrary, Jankowska et al (2023) reported a considerable decrease in GSH concentration in the American cockroach, P. americana, after exposure to low dose (0.1 nM ) of carbamate insecticide, bendiocarb. This might be attributed to GSH's direct consumption as an antioxidant in the removal of ROS, which was heightened by the bendiocarb exposure.…”

“…At present, there is more attention has been considered on the effects of pesticides at sublethal dosages that don't directly affect insects, but induce some alterations in biochemical, behavioral, and physiological indices (Jankowska et al 2023). In insects, physiological systems may be altered as a result of exposure to sublethal pesticide dosages.…”

“…Likewise, Aslanturk et al (2011) found that the Gypsy moth's midgut tissues showed an increase in MDA levels following a 48-hour exposure to the LC50 of organophosphate, methidation. Recently, Jankowska et al (2023) demonstrated that exposure of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, for only one hour to sublethal dosages of the carbamate pesticide bendiocarb significantly elevated the MDA levels compared to the untreated insects; this implies a rise in oxidative stress, particularly when contrasted with variations in the levels of antioxidants, glutathione and catalase.…”

“…Catalase (CAT) activity increased in tandem with the drop in GSH levels, suggesting an adaptive response that may withstand pesticide overdose. Even at very low dosages, GSH and CAT work together as efficient reactive oxygen species scavengers and contribute to protection against lipid peroxidation brought on by pesticide exposure (Jankowska et al, 2023).…”

Biological monitoring of Soil pollution caused by two different Zinc species using earthworms

“…As demonstrated in a prior investigation conducted by Singh et al (2022), the application of ZnO-NPs and ZnCl 2 has the potential to signi cantly increase the activity of SOD, CAT, and LPO, as well as the total GSH content, following a 28-day exposure period (p ≤ 0.05). The AChE enzyme, a neuro-biomarker, is a delicate enzyme that is present in the neural systems of both vertebrates and invertebrates and functions as an e cient neurological enzyme (Wong-Guerra et al, Jankowska et al, 2023). The study revealed that the highest dose of ZnO-NPs and ZnCl 2 resulted in elevated levels of the AChE enzyme.…”