“…It has been reported that the formation of inclusion complexes could enhance the absorption of guest molecules. 30 Consequently, HPβ-CD 150% /PA could be used as an efficient drug delivery system for electrospinning purposes. 31 Figure 1.(a) UV–Vis absorption spectra of PA and different ratios of (HPβ-CD; 50%, 100%, and 150%) HPβ-CD/PA NFs inclusion complex and (b) phase-solubility diagram for the HPβ-CD/PA system.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It has been reported that the formation of inclusion complexes could enhance the absorption of guest molecules. 30 Consequently, HPβ-CD 150% /PA could be used as an efficient drug delivery system for electrospinning purposes. 31 Phase solubility studies are very critical to understand the stoichiometry of the inclusion complexation.…”
Section: Optical Properties Of Hpβ-cd/pa Nfsmentioning
The electrospinning of nanofibers (NFs) from 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin supramolecular inclusion complexes (150% HPβ-CD, w/v) with vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid [PA]) was achieved without using any carrier polymeric matrix. The presence of PA and the formation of the HPβ-CD/PA inclusion complex within the NFs structure were confirmed by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and TGA analysis. SEM images depicted the bead-free uniform NFs and confirmed the incorporation of HPβ-CD/PA NFs did not alter the fiber morphology having an average fiber diameter of 512 ± 24 nm, 328 ± 18 nm, and 150 ± 19 nm, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum indicated inclusion complex from the shifting of the peaks of each component in HPβ-CD/PA NFs, whereas XRD pattern revealed that HPβ-CD/PA NFs was achieved due to the formation of a new amorphous structure. TGA studies showed that the stability of PA after HPβ-CD encapsulation was improved. Molecular docking was used to simulate the positions and interactions of the binding sites of the HPβ-CD/PA inclusion complex. The phase solubility test showed enhanced solubility of PA due to the inclusion complexation; in addition, the stoichiometry of HPβ-CD/PA was determined to be 1:1. The release of PA from HPβ-CD/PA NFs prevented the colonization of Escherichia coli (5.0 ± 0.3%) and Staphylococcus aureus (2.0 ± 0.5%) bacteria to a great extent, as observed in the antibacterial activity results. The cell viability of HCT-116 cells treated with 100 μg/mL of HPβ-CD/PA NFs was registered at 97.5 ± 2.1%. It was observed that HPβ-CD/PA NFs had higher anticancer activity compared to pure PA and HPβ-CD due to the solubility increase. In brief, our results suggested that polymer-free HPβ-CD/PA inclusion complex NFs could have potential applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare thanks to its efficient antibacterial and anticancer activities.
“…It has been reported that the formation of inclusion complexes could enhance the absorption of guest molecules. 30 Consequently, HPβ-CD 150% /PA could be used as an efficient drug delivery system for electrospinning purposes. 31 Figure 1.(a) UV–Vis absorption spectra of PA and different ratios of (HPβ-CD; 50%, 100%, and 150%) HPβ-CD/PA NFs inclusion complex and (b) phase-solubility diagram for the HPβ-CD/PA system.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It has been reported that the formation of inclusion complexes could enhance the absorption of guest molecules. 30 Consequently, HPβ-CD 150% /PA could be used as an efficient drug delivery system for electrospinning purposes. 31 Phase solubility studies are very critical to understand the stoichiometry of the inclusion complexation.…”
Section: Optical Properties Of Hpβ-cd/pa Nfsmentioning
The electrospinning of nanofibers (NFs) from 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin supramolecular inclusion complexes (150% HPβ-CD, w/v) with vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid [PA]) was achieved without using any carrier polymeric matrix. The presence of PA and the formation of the HPβ-CD/PA inclusion complex within the NFs structure were confirmed by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and TGA analysis. SEM images depicted the bead-free uniform NFs and confirmed the incorporation of HPβ-CD/PA NFs did not alter the fiber morphology having an average fiber diameter of 512 ± 24 nm, 328 ± 18 nm, and 150 ± 19 nm, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum indicated inclusion complex from the shifting of the peaks of each component in HPβ-CD/PA NFs, whereas XRD pattern revealed that HPβ-CD/PA NFs was achieved due to the formation of a new amorphous structure. TGA studies showed that the stability of PA after HPβ-CD encapsulation was improved. Molecular docking was used to simulate the positions and interactions of the binding sites of the HPβ-CD/PA inclusion complex. The phase solubility test showed enhanced solubility of PA due to the inclusion complexation; in addition, the stoichiometry of HPβ-CD/PA was determined to be 1:1. The release of PA from HPβ-CD/PA NFs prevented the colonization of Escherichia coli (5.0 ± 0.3%) and Staphylococcus aureus (2.0 ± 0.5%) bacteria to a great extent, as observed in the antibacterial activity results. The cell viability of HCT-116 cells treated with 100 μg/mL of HPβ-CD/PA NFs was registered at 97.5 ± 2.1%. It was observed that HPβ-CD/PA NFs had higher anticancer activity compared to pure PA and HPβ-CD due to the solubility increase. In brief, our results suggested that polymer-free HPβ-CD/PA inclusion complex NFs could have potential applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare thanks to its efficient antibacterial and anticancer activities.
Many scientists are working hard to find green alternatives to classical synthetic methods. Today, state-of-the-art ultrasonic and grinding techniques already drive the production of organic compounds on an industrial scale. The physicochemical and chemical behavior of cyclodextrins often differs from the typical properties of classic organic compounds and carbohydrates. The usually poor solubility and complexing properties of cyclodextrins can require special techniques. By eliminating or reducing the amount of solvent needed, green alternatives can reform classical synthetic methods, making them attractive for environmentally friendly production and the circular economy. The lack of energy-intensive synthetic and purification steps could transform currently inefficient processes into feasible methods. Mechanochemical reaction mechanisms are generally different from normal solution-chemistry mechanisms. The absence of a solvent and the presence of very high local temperatures for microseconds facilitate the synthesis of cyclodextrin derivatives that are impossible or difficult to produce under classical solution-chemistry conditions. Although mechanochemistry does not provide a general solution to all problems, several good examples show that this new technology can open up efficient synthetic pathways.
“…βCD, HPβCD, and 4-sulfobutylated βCD (SBβCD) could effectively complex a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, salicyl salicylate (salsalate), using 60 W of 24 kHz sonication [ 48 ]. The preparation of HPβCD complexes of cumin aldehyde [ 49 ] and isoeugenol [ 50 ] used 60 W horn-type 20 kHz US irradiation and was significantly more effective than classic methods of the native form of host molecules.…”
Cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives are a challenge, mainly due to solubility problems. In many cases, the synthesis of CD derivatives requires high-boiling solvents, whereas the product isolation from the aqueous methods often requires energy-intensive processes. Complex formation faces similar challenges in that it involves interacting materials with conflicting properties. However, many authors also refer to the formation of non-covalent bonds, such as the formation of inclusion complexes or metal–organic networks, as reactions or synthesis, which makes it difficult to classify the technical papers. In many cases, the solubility of both the starting material and the product in the same solvent differs significantly. The sweetest point of mechanochemistry is the reduced demand or complete elimination of solvents from the synthesis. The lack of solvents can make syntheses more economical and greener. The limited molecular movements in solid-state allow the preparation of CD derivatives, which are difficult to produce under solvent reaction conditions. A mechanochemical reaction generally has a higher reagent utilization rate. When the reaction yields a good guest co-product, solvent-free conditions can be slower than in solution conditions. Regioselective syntheses of per-6-amino and alkylthio-CD derivatives or insoluble cyclodextrin polymers and nanosponges are good examples of what a greener technology can offer through solvent-free reaction conditions. In the case of thiolated CD derivatives, the absence of solvents results in significant suppression of the thiol group oxidation, too. The insoluble polymer synthesis is also more efficient when using the same molar ratio of the reagents as the solution reaction. Solid reactants not only reduce the chance of hydrolysis of multifunctional reactants or side reactions, but the spatial proximity of macrocycles also reduces the length of the spacing formed by the crosslinker. The structure of insoluble polymers of the mechanochemical reactions generally is more compact, with fewer and shorter hydrophilic arms than the products of the solution reactions.
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