Ueber den Emanationskörper aus Pechblende und über Radium

Giesel, F.

doi:10.1002/cber.19030360177

Cited by 32 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Already in 1903, Giesel [1] quoted the observation of Runge and Bodländer that a gas consisting of hydrogen and oxygen is constantly released from an aqueous solution of radium bromide; at the same time the solution becomes brownish because of the generation of bromine. It seems, however, that Ramsay [2] was the first physicist to carry out irradiation experiments reported in his article "The chemical action of radium emanation on distilled water".…”

Section: The Early Days Of Radioactivity and Water Radiolysismentioning

confidence: 98%

Radioactivity and Radiation Chemistry of Water

Draganić¹

1995

Radiochimca Acta

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The chemical changes of water induced by radiation, first observed on aqueous solutions of radium salts, were reported less than five years after the discovery of radioactivity. The importance of the radiolytic behaviour of water was progressively recognized in various domains of nuclear science and technology. More recent interest concerns the roles of radioactivity, radiation and water in chemical evolution processes because of their ubiquitous presence on the Earth and in Space. The early days of radioactivity and water radiolysisAlready in 1903, Giesel [1] quoted the observation of Runge and Bodländer that a gas consisting of hydrogen and oxygen is constantly released from an aqueous solution of radium bromide; at the same time the solution becomes brownish because of the generation of bromine. It seems, however, that Ramsay [2] was the first physicist to carry out irradiation experiments reported in his article "The chemical action of radium emanation on distilled water". This work and publications by Cameron and Ramsay [3-4] contained a number of quantitative data, among which those on the generation of H 2 and 0 2 under various experimental conditions. Debierne [5] presented in 1909 the results of a systematic approach with simple experiments. He used a sealed ampoule of radium chloride as the radiation source, placed in a vessel containing nondegassed distilled water. The device was isolated from air and connected to a manometer. The increase in pressure was continuous and proportional to the time of exposure. In the interpretation of his results, Debierne concluded that the decomposition of water was due to the action of penetrating β and γ rays. The first data on the action of a rays on water were reported in 1913 by Duane and Scheuer [6].Compared to present day irradiation facilities, the radiation sources used in these experiments were very weak and seldom stronger than 100 mg radium. In addition to the low radiation intensities, the methods of chemical analysis available at the time were relatively insensitive. For these reasons, the investigations were limited mainly to qualitative observations of chemical changes or, less often, to semi-quantitative measurements of gross effects. Nevertheless, the early literature of radiation chemistry contains fine observations on the radiolytic behaviour of water and various aqueous solutions like those of Kailan [7][8][9][10][11] at the Radium Institute in Vienna.No much efforts were made to explain the origin of the observed facts. An exception was Debierne's hypothesis [12] on the formation of ionized water molecules during the passage of radiation. The latter produce Η and OH species which react among themselves ; molecular products H 2 and H 2 0 2 are formed as well as water molecules by recombination of Η and OH. With this hypothesis, Debierne was well ahead of the time because it contains the main elements of the presently generally accepted model of water radiolysis. Nuclear reactors: World War II and post-war yearsFrom the very beginning of the nuclear ...

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Section: The Early Days Of Radioactivity and Water Radiolysismentioning

confidence: 98%

Radioactivity and Radiation Chemistry of Water

Draganić¹

1995

Radiochimca Acta

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“…A few years later, the chemical changes that water undergoes in aqueous solutions of radium salts were reported. In 1902, Giesel was the first to observe the release of dihydrogen and dioxygen from an aqueous solution of radium bromide [10,11]. Marie Curie compared this phenomenon to -an electrolysis without electrodes‖.…”

Section: Water Radiolysis: a Brief Historical Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Radiolysis: Influence of Oxide Surfaces on H2 Production under Ionizing Radiation

Caër

2011

Water

467

293

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Abstract:The radiolysis of water due to ionizing radiation results in the production of electrons, H  atoms,  OH radicals, H 3 O + ions and molecules (dihydrogen H 2 and hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 ). A brief history of the development of the understanding of water radiolysis is presented, with a focus on the H 2 production. This H 2 production is strongly modified at oxide surfaces. Different parameters accounting for this behavior are presented.

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“…corresponding to a half-life of 0.019 sec." This value is within a factor of two of the currently accepted half-life of 35(5) ms.219 RnIn the 1903 article "Ueber den Emanationskörper aus Pechblende und über Radium" Giesel identified a new emanation which was later identified as 219 Rn[86]. The emanation was separated from a pitchblende sample.…”

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confidence: 63%

Discovery of the astatine, radon, francium, and radium isotopes

Fry

Thoennessen

2013

Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables

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Currently, thirty-nine astatine, thirty-nine radon, thirty-five francium, and thirty-four radium isotopes have so far been observed; the discovery of these isotopes is discussed. For each isotope a brief summary of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented. Contents IntroductionThe discovery of astatine, radon, francium, and radium isotopes is discussed as part of the series summarizing the discovery of isotopes, beginning with the cerium isotopes in 2009 [1]. Guidelines for assigning credit for discovery are (1) clear identification, either through decay-curves and relationships to other known isotopes, particle or γ-ray spectra, or unique mass and Z-identification, and (2) publication of the discovery in a refereed journal. The authors and year of the first publication, the laboratory where the isotopes were produced as well as the production and identification methods are discussed. When appropriate, references to conference proceedings, internal reports, and theses are included. When a discovery includes a half-life measurement the measured value is compared to the currently adopted value taken from the NUBASE evaluation [2] which is based on the ENSDF database [3]. In cases where the reported half-life differed significantly from the adopted half-life (up to approximately a factor of two), we searched the subsequent literature for indications that the measurement was erroneous. If that was not the case we credited the authors with the discovery in spite of the inaccurate half-life. All reported half-lives inconsistent with the presently adopted half-life for the ground state were compared to isomer half-lives and accepted as discoveries if appropriate following the criterium described above.The first criterium is not clear cut and in many instances debatable. Within the scope of the present project it is not possible to scrutinize each paper for the accuracy of the experimental data as is done for the discovery of elements [4]. In some cases an initial tentative assignment is not specifically confirmed in later papers and the first assignment is tacitly accepted by the community. The readers are encouraged to contact the authors if they disagree with an assignment because they are aware of an earlier paper or if they found evidence that the data of the chosen paper were incorrect.The discovery of several isotopes has only been reported in conference proceedings which are not accepted according to the second criterium. One example from fragmentation experiments why publications in conference proceedings should not be considered is 118 Tc and 120 Ru which had been reported as being discovered in a conference proceeding [5] but not in the subsequent refereed publication [6]. 2 The initial literature search was performed using the databases ENSDF [3] and NSR [7] of the National Nuclear Data Center at Brookhaven National Laboratory. These databases are complete and reliable back to the early 1960's. For earlier references, several editions of the Table of Iso...

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Ueber den Emanationskörper aus Pechblende und über Radium

Cited by 32 publications

References 3 publications

Radioactivity and Radiation Chemistry of Water

Radioactivity and Radiation Chemistry of Water

Water Radiolysis: Influence of Oxide Surfaces on H2 Production under Ionizing Radiation

Discovery of the astatine, radon, francium, and radium isotopes

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