Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Components in Drinking Water and Diet: A Population-Based, Case-Control Study in Prince Edward Island, Canada

Abstract

Dietary components from both food and water sources may influence the risk of developing T1D in young persons.

Low perinatal zinc status is not associated with the risk of type 1 diabetes in children

“…After model adjustment, the association disappeared (P = 0.12). 25 Rodent studies reported that zinc supplementation during pregnancy can protect the offspring against experimentally induced T1D. 13,15 Zinc supplementation in the rodent model studies appeared to be supra-physiological.…”

“…The estimated zinc intake in the year prior to diagnosis based on food frequency, water consumption questionnaires, and tap water samples showed a borderline significant association with T1D risk in children and adolescents ( P = 0.07); the higher the zinc intake, the lower the T1D risk. After model adjustment, the association disappeared ( P = 0.12) …”

Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes

“…The list of elements, man-made chemicals, and naturally occurring mycotoxins associated with type 1 diabetes is long and the evidence too preliminary to review here. Some circumstantial and ecological 95 evidence suggests a connection between type 1 diabetes and water containing nitrates, nitrites, or nitrosamines, although other studies show no or contradictory associations. 96–98 In a case-control study in Sweden, type 1 diabetes was associated with consuming higher amounts of foods containing nitrosamines and nitrates or nitrites 99 and in the ABIS, water samples from families with a child with type 1 diabetes had higher concentrations of nitrate than did water samples from control families.…”

Evaluation of ameliorative effect of sodium nitrate in experimental model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy in male rats

“…However, some studies declared increased or unchanged NO concentrations in hyperglycemia and diabetes conditions (Mancusi et al 1996;Cosentino et al 1997). A recent study stated that an increased incidence of diabetes among children may be related to high nitrate concentrations in drinking water, however, other studies have shown beneficial effects of nitrate (Benson et al 2010). In addition, chronic intake of a low dose of nitrate (100 mg/l/day) for 2 months protected the diabetic rat heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury by attenuating oxidative stress (Jeddi et al 2016).…”