Two serotypes of exfoliatin and their distribution in staphylococcal strains isolated from patients with scalded skin syndrome

Kondo, Isamu; Sakurai, Susumu; Sarai, Yasunaga; Futaki, Shohei

doi:10.1128/jcm.1.5.397-400.1975

Cited by 80 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This is consistent with the ¢ndings for S. hyicus in this study. Furthermore, it has been shown that isolates of S. aureus can produce both ETA and ETB concurrently [26,27]. Simultaneous expression of two types of exfoliative toxin from S. hyicus has been reported by Tanabe et al [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…A third type of exfoliative toxin from a S. aureus strain of equine origin has been identi¢ed and designated sETC [25]. The distribution of ETA and ETB among phage types of S. aureus have been studied [26,27] and it was shown that the ability to produce exfoliative toxin was not restricted to particular phage groups of S. aureus. This is consistent with the ¢ndings for S. hyicus in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differentiation and distribution of three types of exfoliative toxin produced by Staphylococcus hyicus from pigs with exudative epidermitis

Andresen¹

1998

FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology

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Exfoliative toxins of approximately 30 kDa produced by Staphylococcus hyicus strains NCTC 10350, 1289D-88 and 842A-88 were purified and specific polyclonal antisera were raised against each of the toxins. It was shown by immunoblot analysis and ELISA that three exfoliative toxins from S. hyicus were antigenically distinct. The three toxins were designated ExhA, ExhB and ExhC. From 60 diseased pigs, each representing an outbreak of exudative epidermitis, a total of 584 isolates of S. hyicus were phage typed and tested for production of exfoliative toxin. ExhA-, ExhB- and ExhC-producing S. hyicus isolates were found in 12 (20%), 20 (33%) and 11 (18%), respectively, of the 60 pig herds investigated. Production of the different types of exfoliative toxin was predominantly associated with certain phage groups. However, toxin production was found in all of the six phage groups defined by the phage typing system. Some changes in the distribution of isolates between phage groups were observed when the results of this study were compared to previous investigations. In this study two new antigenically distinct exfoliative toxins were isolated and tools for in vitro detection of toxin producing S. hyicus isolates and for further studies on the exfoliative toxins from S. hyicus have been provided.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiation and distribution of three types of exfoliative toxin produced by Staphylococcus hyicus from pigs with exudative epidermitis

Andresen¹

1998

FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology

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“…The percentage of ammonium sulfate precipitating shET was 60-100%, and the optimum concentration of ammonium sulfate for the isolation of shET was 90%. In sETA and sETB (7,8), the percentages of ammonium sulfate precipitating the toxin protein were 50-100% and 25-75%, respectively. Based on the above findings, the optimum concentration of ammonium sulfate for the isolation of shET was nearly the same as that of sETA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amtsberg (1) found that the culture filtrate of S. hyicus contained an exotoxin that caused exfoliation in piglets. He also suggested that this exotoxin is different from the two serotypes of exfoliative toxin (sETA and sETB) (7,8) produced by S. aureus. In 1991, we isolated such an exotoxin from the culture filtrate of S. hyicus strain P-1 and designated it shET (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimum Culture Conditions for Production of Exfoliative Toxin by Staphylococcus hyicus

Watanabe

Tanabe

Sato

et al. 1995

Microbiology and Immunology

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Optimum culture conditions for the production of exfoliative toxin by Staphylococcus hyicus (shET) were examined. High shET activity was obtained from the culture filtrate of HI and TY broth inoculated with S. hyicus. The pH in these two media ranged from 7 to 8.5 during bacterial culture, while the lowest pH in TS and BHI broth was less than 6. shET activity in the culture filtrate from TY broth inoculated with 107 CFU of S. hyicus per ml was higher than that in TY broth inoculated with 106 and 108 CFU of bacteria per ml. When shET activity in the culture filtrate was measured under various shaking conditions, the culture filtrate shaken at 75 oscillations per min had the highest shET activity of the five shaking conditions. shET activity of the culture filtrate of TY broth to which protease inhibitor had been added was the same as that of TY broth without inhibitor. shET activity in a shaking culture in an Erlenmeyer flask was also the same as that in sac culture and that in shaking culture using a shaking (Sakaguchi) flask. shET activity in TY broth supplemented with 100 mM glucose was significantly lower than that in TY broth without glucose. Based on the above results, the optimum culture conditions for the production of shET were as follows: inoculation of 3 × 109 CFU of S. hyicus strain P‐1 into 300 ml of TY broth in a 2,000‐ml Erlenmeyer flask, and incubation at 37 C with shaking at 75 oscillations per min. Then shET activity of the culture filtrate under appropriate culture conditions was measured after various incubation periods. shET activity was detected 6 hr after inoculation, reached the maximum (253 exfoliative unit/0.1 ml) at 16 hr and decreased between 20 and 48 hr. Thus, the optimum incubation period was determined to be 16 hr. Then the optimum concentration of ammonium sulfate for isolation of shET from the culture filtrate under appropriate culture conditions was examined. The greatest shET activity was obtained from the fraction salted out with 90% saturated ammonium sulfate. Thus, the optimum concentration of ammonium sulfate for the isolation of shET was determined to be 90% saturation.

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“…The agar plate technique using anti-ET serum (6), gel immunoprecipitation (7,8), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (14), radioimmunological assay (1,23), biological assay (11) and Southern blot hybridization (15) have been used to screen for exfoliative toxin (ET) production by S. aureus isolated from patients with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS). It takes a great deal of time to identify ETs and ET genes by these methods, and in some cases, a strain with low ET excretion could be misidentified.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Identification by Polymerase Chain Reaction of Staphylococcal Exfoliative Toxin Serotype A and B Genes

Sakurai

Suzuki

Machida

1995

Microbiology and Immunology

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A new system was designed to detect staphylococcal exfoliative toxin A (ETA) and B (ETB) genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The primer pairs for the ETA gene (eta) were 20 and 20-mer, and its PCR product was a 741-bp eta fragment, while the primer pairs for the ETB gene (etb) were also 20 and 20-mer, and its PCR product was a 629-bp etb fragment. When these primers were simultaneously used in the PCR, the two types of ET were clearly detected as two bands in an ETA and ETB double-producer using only one colony within 3 hr. We examined 66 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) and compared the results obtained by ELISA and PCR. The same results were obtained for 56 of the strains, i.e., 30 strains were ETA producers, 20 strains were ETB producers, and 6 strains were double-producers. However, positive results were obtained for 5 of the 10 non-ET-producing strains. Two of these strains were judged by PCR as ETA producers and three as ETB producers. Thus, PCR is very sensitive and rapid in detecting ETA and ETB gene fragments in colonies isolated from patients with SSSS.

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Two serotypes of exfoliatin and their distribution in staphylococcal strains isolated from patients with scalded skin syndrome

Cited by 80 publications

References 7 publications

Differentiation and distribution of three types of exfoliative toxin produced by Staphylococcus hyicus from pigs with exudative epidermitis

Differentiation and distribution of three types of exfoliative toxin produced by Staphylococcus hyicus from pigs with exudative epidermitis

Optimum Culture Conditions for Production of Exfoliative Toxin by Staphylococcus hyicus

Rapid Identification by Polymerase Chain Reaction of Staphylococcal Exfoliative Toxin Serotype A and B Genes

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