Dual-subtype vaccinated cats developed broad-spectrum humoral and cellular immunity which protected cats against in vivo-derived inocula of homologous and heterologous FIV subtypes. Thus, multi-subtype antigen vaccines may be an effective strategy against AIDS viruses.
Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive form of brain cancer characterized by uncontrolled cell growth resulting from a loss of cell cycle regulation. In this study we determined the antiproliferative eects of interferon gamma (IFNg) on the glioblastoma cell lines T98G, SNB-19 and U-373, focusing on the ability of IFNg to increase levels of p21, an important negative regulator of cell cycle events. IFNg was found to inhibit the growth of all cell lines, with inhibition ranging from 82.2% to 45.4%. Flow cytometry analysis showed that IFNg treatment caused a cell cycle delay in the G 1 or S phases. The strength of this delay varied, correlating with the degree by which IFNg inhibited proliferation of each cell line. IFNg treatment increased the production of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p21 /cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2)/cyclin showed that the amount of p21 WAF1/CIP1 in the complexes and the inhibition of cdk2-cyclin kinase activity correlated with the level of p21 WAF1/CIP1 produced in the cells by IFNg. These results show that IFNg has signi®cant antiproliferative eects on the glioblastoma cell lines and suggest that p21 WAF1/CIP1 plays a role in mediating these eects.
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains were isolated from healthy dogs and dogs with pyoderma in 2000-2002 and 2009. All the isolates from dogs with pyoderma in 1999-2000 and from healthy dogs in 2000-2002 and 2009 were susceptible to cefalexin and/or other cephalosporins and oxacillin. However, 7.1-12.5 and 11.4% of S. pseudintermedius isolates from dogs with pyoderma in 2009 were resistant to cephalosporins and oxacillin, respectively. All S. pseudintermedius isolates from dogs with pyoderma in 1999-2000 and those from healthy dogs in 2000-2002 were susceptible to fluoroquinolones; however, 50% of the S. pseudintermedius strains isolated from dogs with pyoderma in 2009 and 30% of the S. pseudintermedius strains isolated from healthy dogs in 2009 were resistant to fluoroquinolones. Of the 21 oxacillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) isolates, 11 carried SCCmec type V and 10 carried hybrid SCCmec types II-III. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains that were resistant to only one of three fluoroquinolones had a mutation in the quinolone resistance determination region of grlA, whereas S. pseudintermedius strains that were resistant to two or more fluoroquinolones had mutations in the quinolone resistance determination regions of both grlA and gyrA.
We previously reported the isolation of an exfoliative toxin from culture filtrates of Staphylococcus hyicus (shET) and reproduction of exfoliation in piglets injected with partially purified shET. In this study, we purified shET and compared the biological and physicochemical properties of shET and Staphylococcus aureus exfoliative toxin (sETA and sETB). shET was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-celulofine A-500 column chromatography, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (7.5% polyacrylamide). Purified shET (p-shET) did not cause exfoliation of the epidermis in suckling mice but did cause exfoliation in 1-day-old chickens, whereas sETA and sETB produced by S. aureus caused exfoliation in suckling mice but not in 1-day-old chickens. The molecular mass of p-shET was determined as 27 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. p-shET did not show any cross-reactivity with sETA and sETB in Western immunoblotting analysis or the immunodiffusion test.
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