Differentiation and distribution of three types of exfoliative toxin produced by Staphylococcus hyicus from pigs with exudative epidermitis

Abstract

Exfoliative toxins of approximately 30 kDa produced by Staphylococcus hyicus strains NCTC 10350, 1289D-88 and 842A-88 were purified and specific polyclonal antisera were raised against each of the toxins. It was shown by immunoblot analysis and ELISA that three exfoliative toxins from S. hyicus were antigenically distinct. The three toxins were designated ExhA, ExhB and ExhC. From 60 diseased pigs, each representing an outbreak of exudative epidermitis, a total of 584 isolates of S. hyicus were phage typed and tested for production of exfoliative toxin. ExhA-, ExhB- and ExhC-producing S. hyicus isolates were found in 12 (20%), 20 (33%) and 11 (18%), respectively, of the 60 pig herds investigated. Production of the different types of exfoliative toxin was predominantly associated with certain phage groups. However, toxin production was found in all of the six phage groups defined by the phage typing system. Some changes in the distribution of isolates between phage groups were observed when the results of this study were compared to previous investigations. In this study two new antigenically distinct exfoliative toxins were isolated and tools for in vitro detection of toxin producing S. hyicus isolates and for further studies on the exfoliative toxins from S. hyicus have been provided.

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Genes Encoding Staphylococcus hyicu s Exfoliative Toxin Types A, B, C, and D

“…These have been characterized, and specific sera and monoclonal antibodies have been produced (5). At least one additional toxin could be expected, as a number of virulent isolates failed to react with any of these antibodies.…”

“…In an earlier investigation on the distribution of three of these toxins, ExhA, ExhB, and ExhC, the existence of yet another exfoliative toxin from S. hyicus, provisionally designated ExhD, was suggested (5). This suggestion was based on the finding that certain strains that were negative for the three abovementioned toxins were still able to induce exudative epidermitis by experimental infection of piglets (5,33). The cloning and sequencing of a gene from S. hyicus strain A2869 that is similar to ExhA, ExhB, ExhC, and SHETB clearly substantiate the existence of ExhD.…”

“…The toxins isolated in Japan were designated SHETA and SHETB (25), and the toxins isolated in Denmark were designated ExhA, ExhB, and ExhC. One additional toxin antigenically distinct from these was provisionally designated ExhD (5). The toxins differ in their antigenic properties (5,26); however, no comparison of the toxins isolated in Japan and in Denmark has been published.…”

“…One additional toxin antigenically distinct from these was provisionally designated ExhD (5). The toxins differ in their antigenic properties (5,26); however, no comparison of the toxins isolated in Japan and in Denmark has been published.…”

Critical roles of amino acids Ser231, His107 and Asp156 of Staphylococcus sciuri exfoliative toxin C (ExhC) in the induction of skin exfoliations in neonate mice

“…In addition to S. sciuri and S. hyicus, Staphylococcus chromogenes could also cause characteristic skin lesions of EE under laboratory conditions . Currently, at least six exfoliative toxins, ExhA-D, ShetA and ShetB, have been identified (Andresen 1998(Andresen , 2005Sato et al 2000), and the existence of these toxins seems to be speciesspecific (Takeuchi et al 1987). These toxins have been characterized as proteins of approximately 27 kDa or 30 kDa (Andresen et al 1993;Andresen 2005).…”