Two dimensional carbon based nanocomposites as multimodal therapeutic and diagnostic platform: A biomedical and toxicological perspective

Graphenic Materials for Biomedical Applications

“…GBMs have also received great attention in the field of biomedicine due to their exceptional features and possible applications ( Figure 5) [4].…”

“…A huge number of scientific articles have been devoted to these materials and are therefore not included in this review. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1758 6 of 37 GBMs have also received great attention in the field of biomedicine due to their exceptional features and possible applications ( Figure 5) [4]. GR-and GO-based materials can be characterized according to the procedure proposed by Wick et al [35].…”

“…Therefore, it is difficult to control the functionalization process, since different reactions may occur simultaneously [50]. Generally, the process enhances solubility and the dispersion of Analytical methods, such as scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), infrared and/or Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS), are the most useful tools for characterization [4,[38][39][40]. TEM or Raman spectroscopy and AFM allow the determination of the number of layers and lateral dimensions.…”

“…Due to their properties, GBMs provide possibilities for many applications in the biomedical field, such as use in drug, gene, and protein delivery, photothermal therapy, as a material for building biosensors and bioimaging, as potential antimicrobial agents, and as a scaffold for tissue engineering and cell cultures [4,5]. Among all the named materials, 2D carbon nanostructures provide a high specific surface area that allows for the establishment of suitable cell-substance interactions and excellent loading efficiency due to multiple attachment spots, enabling interactions with small drug molecules or biomolecules on the GR material surface.…”

Acrylic-Based Materials for Biomedical and Bioengineering Applications

“…Nanocomposites are of particularly interest due to the fact that they exhibit both individual properties of the polymer and properties due to the presence of nanoparticles, and this additive effect has led to several therapeutic and diagnostic applications [41]. Another reinforcing alternative for acrylic polymers consists of adding nanomaterials such as silica, carbon nanomaterials, nanofibres or other nanoparticles.…”