Two Approaches to Measure Trace Metals Fluxes at the Sediment–Water Interface: Sediment Porewater Profile and Benthic Incubation

Abstract

The biogeochemical cycle of trace metals is very likely affected by the global change in the ocean, especially due to the increasing of sea surface temperature and acidity. Thus, assessing biogeochemical cycle of trace metals will beneficial in elucidating the potential impact of climate change as well as ocean acidification. The assessment of the biogeochemical cycle of trace metals can be performed by measuring trace metals fluxes crossing the sediment-water interface. The main challenge in this measurement is the difficulty of measuring metal concentrations at trace levels due to either physical factors or biological factors that can affect the total flux. Sediment porewater profile and in situ benthic incubation are the two most commonly used methods for measuring trace metals fluxes from sediment to the overlying water or vice versa. The coefficient of diffusion and gradient of concentration are the two most important values in the sediment porewater profile method, while the constant volume involved in the container during the experiment is an important part of the in situ benthic incubation method. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of both measurement methods deeply and predict the challenges faced in its implementation in Indonesia.
 Keywords: Benthic fluxes; Overlying water; Porewater; Sediment; Trace metals

Electrochemiluminescence Systems for Metal‐Ion Detection: A Systematic Review

“…They are essential micronutrients for living things but become toxic at certain concentrations. Therefore, studying the presence of trace metals is necessary to evaluate their biogeochemical cycle or to prevent metal‐based problems [1–8] . Some tools commonly used to measure trace metal levels are Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS), Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS), Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (ETAAS), Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy with a Zeeman Background Corrector (AAS‐ZGF), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP‐AES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP‐OES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP‐MS), and High‐Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (HR‐ICP‐MS).…”

“…Therefore, studying the presence of trace metals is necessary to evaluate their biogeochemical cycle or to prevent metal-based problems. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Some tools commonly used to measure trace metal levels are Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS), Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS), Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (ETAAS), Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy with a Zeeman Background Corrector (AAS-ZGF), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS), and High-Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). However, these instruments have limitations in measuring certain metal levels due to the following reasons: (1) very low concentration of metals in the specific systems, such as in seawater; (2) special treatment are required prior to the measurement; (3) the high analysis cost; and (4) inapplicable for direct in situ measurements.…”

Particulate Metal Contamination Assessment in Surabaya Coast, East Java, Indonesia

“…In natural and pristine waters, metal concentrations are usually low and present in the environment through volcanic activity, rock weathering, and hydrothermal processes. However, anthropogenic 1275 (2023) 012052 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1275/1/012052 2 factors, including marine activities such as tourism, transportation, and inputs from anthropogenicallyinfluenced riverine, might increase metals concentration [7,8]. Budiyanto et al 2019 researched Jakarta Bay to assess the environmental condition by analyzing particulate metals [9].…”