Particulate Metal Contamination Assessment in Surabaya Coast, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract

Surabaya’s coasts, situated in an active metropolitan region, threatened by metal contamination, which can be found in particulate matter. However, data of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and particulate metals on the Surabaya Coast are scarce. This study aims to systematically evaluate the impact of trace metals on the environment through particulate metal analysis. Water sample was taken in May 2017 at 17 sites, and analyzed using the acid digestion procedure and measured by ICP-MS. The results show that SPM levels range from 10.80 – 51.80 mg/L, while the concentrations of particulate metals range from 0 – 2.78 mg/kg, 1.14 – 130.77 mg/kg, 3.43 – 60.19 mg/kg and 0.87 – 7.00 mg/kg dry weight for Cd, Cu, Pb, and As, respectively. The location of Surabaya coast might affects salinity and temperature where eastern part is more affected by Madura Strait, but metal concentration are all affected by riverine input. Based on the Geo-accumulation Index and Pollution Load Index, several sites on the Surabaya’s coasts are polluted. However, they have low-level toxicity and insignificant mortality, indicating the Surabaya Coast environments is still safe for living habitat. Meanwhile, particulate metal concentrations are relatively high in several locations, possibly caused by the port, marine tourism, and other anthropogenic activities.

Electrochemiluminescence Systems for Metal‐Ion Detection: A Systematic Review

“…In the presence of Ag(I), luminol and Ag(I) competed to bind with the carboxyl group Q [6]. Consequently, the luminol and Q [6] hostguest interaction was prevented, resulting in a quenching effect. This ECL sensor was successfully developed to detect Ag(I) quantitatively in the range of 10 nM-5 mM and the detection limit of 8.2 nM.…”

“…Gamma-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) provides carboxyl groups to crosslink with DNA that has been modified with thymine groups, so that γ-PGA-G-luminol composites coating on GCE produce strong and stable ECL signals. [59] In addition, Luo et al added cucurbit [6]uril or Q [6] to the ECL system to increase the intensity of luminal. [39] The intermediate species of luminol increased through host-guest interaction with the carbonyl group of Q [6], resulting in strong light emission.…”

“…Several studies were also explored to detect Ag(I) without using DNAzyme. Luo et al utilized cucurbit [6]uril (Q [6]) to increase luminol ECL's signal intensity. [39] Strong light emission was produced by host-guest interaction between the carbonyl group in the Q [6] portal and the luminol excited state, which would increase the stability of the intermediate species.…”

“…[59] In addition, Luo et al added cucurbit [6]uril or Q [6] to the ECL system to increase the intensity of luminal. [39] The intermediate species of luminol increased through host-guest interaction with the carbonyl group of Q [6], resulting in strong light emission. However, competitive interaction occurred in the presence of Ag(I) in that system, causing a quenching effect.…”

“…Therefore, studying the presence of trace metals is necessary to evaluate their biogeochemical cycle or to prevent metal-based problems. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Some tools commonly used to measure trace metal levels are Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS), Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS), Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (ETAAS), Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy with a Zeeman Background Corrector (AAS-ZGF), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS), and High-Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). However, these instruments have limitations in measuring certain metal levels due to the following reasons: (1) very low concentration of metals in the specific systems, such as in seawater; (2) special treatment are required prior to the measurement; (3) the high analysis cost; and (4) inapplicable for direct in situ measurements.…”