Turbulent boundary-layer separation ahead of cylinders.

The Structure of Three-Dimensional Separated Flows in Obstacle-Boundary Layer Interactions.

“…We define the distance from the leadin£ ed~e of the obstacle to primary separation to be -s, for obstacle-bo~dacy l~ye;--flows wit~ a flow symmetry plane. -westkaemper 5 discussed how a knowledge of s can be used, together with some empirical correlations, to estimate the position of the triple shock intersection and the maximum pressure on the leading edge. His estimate of pressure was 20% high in one case.…”

Physics of unsteady cylinder-induced shock-wave/transitional boundary-layer interactions

“…The -axis includes a to-scale schematic of the plate and cylinder for reference. The initial UI of the SWBLI as determined by disturbances in the wall-pressure measurements occurs between 8 and 9 diameters upstream of the cylinder, whereas the literature shows that UI for a turbulent interaction is approximately (Westkaemper 1968). Laminar interactions have a UI of up to (Hung & Clauss 1980), indicating that this cylinder location is likely generating a transitional interaction.…”

Critical Hypersonic Aerothermodynamic Phenomena

“…The flow model, which included a separation region and a lambda-shock structure, is similar to those proposed by Westkaemper (1968) and by Stollery (1987). Because of the nearly critical damage to the ramjet engine and to the pylon on which the HRE was mounted, shock/shock interactions became a "known unknown."…”