Critical Hypersonic Aerothermodynamic Phenomena

Abstract

The challenges in understanding hypersonic flight are discussed and critical hyper sonic aerothermodynamics issues are reviewed. The ability of current analytical meth ods, numerical methods, ground testing capabilities, and flight testing approaches to predict hypersonic flow are evaluated. The areas where aerothermodynamic short comings restrict our ability to design and analyze hypersonic vehicles are discussed, and prospects for future capabilities are reviewed. Considerable work still needs to be done before our understanding of hypersonic flow will allow for the accurate pre diction of vehicle flight characteristics throughout the flight envelope from launch to orbital insertion.

Graphene NanoPlatelets reinforced tantalum carbide consolidated by spark plasma sintering

“…High temperature resistance is needed while maintaining a level of structural stability. The environment present at leading edges and propulsion systems will also be subjected to chemical attack, corrosion, and oxidation [3]. In propulsion systems, the materials will be subjected to combustion products of the fuel.…”

“…The sp 3 configuration has the highest strength and thus carbides tend to have higher melting points, hardness and strength than borides. HfB 2 and ZrB 2 however have higher thermal conductivities than HfC and ZrC [2].…”

Modelling Combined Heat Exchange in the Leading Edge of Perspective Aircraft Wing

“…Full-scale wind tunnel tests are fairly expensive, so analytical and computational methods are used to estimate the heat flux magnitude [3]. The conventional analytical estimations of aerodynamic heating based on Fay-Riddell equation [4] do not take into account certain aspects of hypersonic flow [3].…”

Study of the coupling between real gas effects and rarefied effects on hypersonic aerodynamics

“…The high speed of the vehicle will heat the surrounding air and thus changes the gas properties. Specifically, the hypersonic flows around the vehicle are usually characterized by the presence of strong shocks and equilibrium or non-equilibrium gas chemistry, which is termed in literature as "high-temperature gas effects" or "real gas effects" [1]. The high altitude of the flight will cause another effect called "rarefied gas effects" due to the low density of the air.…”

“…The real gas and rarefied gas effects will change the flow properties and even the aerodynamics of the vehicles. Thus accurate prediction of these effects is critical to the design of any vehicle that flies at hypersonic velocity [1].…”