Tuning Chemical Enhancement of SERS by Controlling the Chemical Reduction of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets

Yu, Xinxin; Cai, Haiwen; Zhang, Wenhua; Li, Xinjing; Pan, Nan; Luo, Yi; Wang, Xiaoping; Hou, Jian

doi:10.1021/nn102291j

Cited by 326 publications

(282 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This enhancement was attributed to the charge transfer between graphene and the molecules, which result in a chemical enhancement. More recently, Yu X. et al (Yu, Cai et al 2011) showed that mildly reduced GO (MR-GO) nanosheets can significantly increase the chemical enhancement of the main peaks by up to www.intechopen.com 1 order of magnitude for adsorbed Rhodamine B (tested molecule), in comparison to mechanical exfoliated graphene. The observed enhancement factors can be as large as 10 3 and show clear dependence on the reduction time of GO, indicating that the chemical enhancement can be steadily controlled by specific chemical groups.…”

Section: Nobel Metal/graphene Nanocomposites As Sers Substratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalized Graphene Nanocomposites

Marques¹,

Gonçalves²,

Cruz³

et al. 2011

Advances in Nanocomposite Technology

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Section: Nobel Metal/graphene Nanocomposites As Sers Substratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalized Graphene Nanocomposites

Marques¹,

Gonçalves²,

Cruz³

et al. 2011

Advances in Nanocomposite Technology

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“…However, as it was experimentally observed originally in 2010 by Ling et al [1], the Raman intensity of phthalocyanine, rhodamine 6G, protoporphyrin IX, and crystal violet molecules all have very different enhancement factors. Furthermore, it has been shown that enhancement factors are strongly dependent on which molecule is being probed, on the laser excitation energy used, on the two-dimensional (2D) material used for the enhancement surface [8][9][10] and even on the Fermi energy of the system, as controlled by a gate voltage [6,11,12]. The dependence of the enhancement on all these parameters cannot be explained either in terms of multiple reflections, nor by the quenching of the luminescence, nor even by a combination of both.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theory of Raman enhancement by two-dimensional materials: Applications for graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Barros

Dresselhaus

2014

Phys. Rev. B

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We propose a third-order time-dependent perturbation theory approach to describe the chemical surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy of molecules interacting with two-dimensional (2D) surfaces such as an ideal 2D metal and graphene, which are both 2D metallic monolayers. A detailed analysis is performed for all the possible scattering processes involving both electrons and holes and considering the different time orderings for the electron-photon and electron-phonon interactions. We show that for ideal 2D metals a surface enhancement of the Raman scattering is possible if the Fermi energy of the surface is near the energy of either the HOMO or the LUMO states of the molecule and that a maximum enhancement is obtained when the Fermi energy matches the energy of either the HOMO or the LUMO energies plus or minus the phonon energy. The graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy effect is then explained as a particular case of a 2D surface, on which the density of electronic states is not constant, but increases linearly with the energy measured from the charge neutrality point. In the case of graphene, the Raman enhancement can occur for any value of the Fermi energy between the HOMO and LUMO states of the molecule. The proposed model allows for a formal approach for calculating the Raman intensity of molecules interacting with different 2D materials.

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“…13−15 Recent findings also sustained the convenient use of GO and of mild reduced GO in generating SERS signals that accurately resemble the native spectrum of the molecules in solution without frequency shifts, which instead are typically generated as a consequence of the interaction with graphene or metal. 16 Overall, veiling plasmonic nanoparticles with GO sheets is perceived as a favorite strategy to fabricate advanced SERS substrates which hold the promise of improved sensitivity, signal stability, and reproducibility.While complex and laborious procedures are needed for coupling graphene to nanostructured surfaces, 7,8,17 GO coating can be simply obtained by physisorption of GO sheets in …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled Veiling of Silver Nanocubes with Graphene Oxide for Improved Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection

Banchelli

Tiribilli

Angelis

et al. 2016

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Hybrid graphene oxide (GO)/metal nanocomposites have been recently proposed as novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. Despite an increasing interest in these systems, standardization in their fabrication process is still lacking but urgently required to support their use for real-life applications. In this work we investigate how the assembly of GO should be conducted to control adsorption geometry and optical properties at the interface with plasmonic nanostructures as monolayer assemblies of silver nanocubes, by tuning main experimental parameters including GO concentration and self-assembly time. We finally identified the experimental conditions for building up a close-fitting soft dressing of the plasmonic surface, which shows optimal characteristics for flexible and reliable SERS detection. KEYWORDS: plasmonic nanoparticles, sensing, self-assembly, Raman spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance ■ INTRODUCTIONSurface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy is as a robust and versatile analytical technique with the ability to offer detailed and label-free chemical information with molecular selectivity and ultrasensitivity. 1−5 The SERS effect relies on huge electromagnetic fields concentrated at the metal surface of a plasmonic nanostructure, which dramatically enhance the Raman signal of molecules placed in its close proximity. In this respect, efficient SERS enhancements are typically generated within less than 10 nm from the metal surface and are mostly confined within the so-called "hot spots", i.e. highly curved nanoregions or gaps and junctions between adjacent nanoparticles. The ability to gather molecules in these regions in a homogeneous and reproducible manner represents a current impediment that is still preventing further diffusion of SERS as a systematic analytical tool.A recent trend toward upgrading the performance of SERS technology relies on the combination of plasmonic nanostructures made of silver and gold with graphene. 6−9 Graphene is a single-atom-thick sheet of sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. A number of unique chemical, electronic, optical, and structural properties make this material a preferred choice for greatly improving electronic and photonic devices. 10,11 With a focus on SERS, current efforts are taking advantage of a thin graphene coating in drawing and concentrating target molecules as well as in conferring the plasmonic surface with a passivating layer that discards possible disturbances and signal variability induced by metal−molecule interactions. 12 Main fabrication methods of graphene sheets include mechanical peel-off, epitaxial growth, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which, however, appear unsuitable for large-scale production of graphene, ultimately limiting its practical application. A convenient alternative is now represented by graphene oxide (GO), which is derived by oxidation of graphite in the form of graphene sheets with abundant oxygen-containing functionalities. These confer chemical st...

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Tuning Chemical Enhancement of SERS by Controlling the Chemical Reduction of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets

Cited by 326 publications

References 41 publications

Functionalized Graphene Nanocomposites

Functionalized Graphene Nanocomposites

Theory of Raman enhancement by two-dimensional materials: Applications for graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Controlled Veiling of Silver Nanocubes with Graphene Oxide for Improved Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection

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