Tumor necrosis factor-α and tumor necrosis factor receptor I, II levels in patients with severe burns

Clinical Evaluation of Proinflammatory Cytokine Inhibitors (sTNFR I, sTNFR II, IL‐1 ra), Anti‐inflammatory Cytokines (IL‐10, IL‐13) and Activation of Neutrophils after Burn‐induced Inflammation

“…Significantly elevated levels of soluble TNF-a receptors, IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-10 observed in our patients at the initial stage compared with healthy controls may indicate additional anti-inflammatory mechanisms involved in the course of SIRS during burn injuries (Table 2). Similarly, increased serum levels of IL-10, IL-1 ra and soluble TNF-a receptors in patients with systemic thermal injuries have been previously reported [5,10,11,14].…”

“…There are intensive studies assessing neutrophil priming, cytokine levels and their inhibitors in the blood of patients fulfilling SIRS criteria in the course of various clinical entities [4,5,10,15,20,21]. Priming occurs in vivo during SIRS and it enhances the capacity of neutrophils to kill micro-organisms as well as damage normal tissue.…”

β-glucan protects against burn-induced oxidative organ damage in rats

“…Production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E 2 , reactive nitrogen intermediates, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, is markedly enhanced following thermal injury [9,10]. There have been several reports indicating that circulating levels of IL-1h, IL-6 and TNF-a are increased in patients with burn injury [11]. Since it appears that tissue injury after thermal trauma is mediated by both reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and activated neutrophils and macrophages [12][13][14], antioxidants or free radical scavengers, given in the post-burn period, exert protective effects against thermal trauma-induced oxidative tissue damage and multiple organ failure [15,16].…”

Cardiac Function and Organ Blood Flow at Early Stage Following Severe Burn

“…Some researchers also thought that the increase of TNF-in post-burn plasma could be used as a measurement of the body's immune response, which indicated increased risks of secondary sepsis and death (Cannon et al, 1992;Yamada et al, 2000). Subsequent researchers assayed the post-burn TNF-, IL-1 , IL-6 and other factors and suggested that taking multiple factors into consideration, rather than a single inflammatory factor TNF-, could better predict the onset of sepsis (Drost et al, 1993a;Drost, Burleson, Cioffi, Mason, & Pruitt, 1993b;Zhang et al, 1998).…”