Abstract:The trophoblast is the single most important functional structure of the placenta that mediates the attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrium. Trophoblast has the capability to proliferate in concert with the uterine epithelium to form the only site for nutrient and metabolic exchange between the fetus and dam throughout pregnancy. Trophoblast is made up of a remarkable versatile epithelium showing great capacity for invasion, cell fusion, hormone production, specific nutrient absorption, selective trans… Show more
“…TIMP‐2 and −3 were detected in both species' AMH, while TIMP‐1 was detected only in BAMH, and TIMP‐4 was not detectable in either AMH. In contrast, TIMP‐1, −2, −3, and −4 were identified in human amnion chorionic membranes in previous studies 32,33 . Homologs of human TIMPs are reported to be widely distributed in the placenta 33 and present in corneal epithelial cells and endothelium (TIMPs −1, −2, and −3) keratocytes (TIMP −2) 6 …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…In contrast, TIMP-1, −2, −3, and −4 were identified in human amnion chorionic membranes in previous studies. 32,33 Homologs of human TIMPs are reported to be widely distributed in the placenta 33 and present in corneal epithelial cells and endothelium (TIMPs −1, −2, and −3) keratocytes (TIMP −2). 6 Expression of TIMPs in fetal membranes is paramount for placental growth and remodeling.…”
Corneal healing involves a complex interaction of multiple proteinases, growth factors, and cytokines, which coordinate cell death, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as extracellular matrix remodeling. 1 To maintain the corneal stroma's collagen and proteoglycan structure following ulceration, an equilibrium between
“…TIMP‐2 and −3 were detected in both species' AMH, while TIMP‐1 was detected only in BAMH, and TIMP‐4 was not detectable in either AMH. In contrast, TIMP‐1, −2, −3, and −4 were identified in human amnion chorionic membranes in previous studies 32,33 . Homologs of human TIMPs are reported to be widely distributed in the placenta 33 and present in corneal epithelial cells and endothelium (TIMPs −1, −2, and −3) keratocytes (TIMP −2) 6 …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…In contrast, TIMP-1, −2, −3, and −4 were identified in human amnion chorionic membranes in previous studies. 32,33 Homologs of human TIMPs are reported to be widely distributed in the placenta 33 and present in corneal epithelial cells and endothelium (TIMPs −1, −2, and −3) keratocytes (TIMP −2). 6 Expression of TIMPs in fetal membranes is paramount for placental growth and remodeling.…”
Corneal healing involves a complex interaction of multiple proteinases, growth factors, and cytokines, which coordinate cell death, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as extracellular matrix remodeling. 1 To maintain the corneal stroma's collagen and proteoglycan structure following ulceration, an equilibrium between
“…Interestingly, some variation between animals and groups was observed in foetal trophoblast cell staining in a relatively small sample size. Recently, the comparative functions of placental trophoblast cells had been reviewed in different animal species, such as ruminants, pig, horse, dog, and cat (Peter et al 2017 ). This review clearly summarizes our still restricted understanding of this cell population in animal reproduction in general, but also specifically in canine parturition.…”
The aetiology of primary uterine inertia (PUI), which is the most common cause of canine dystocia, is still not elucidated. Prostaglandins (PGs) play a crucial role in parturition. We hypothesized that the expression of prostaglandin endoperoxidase synthase 2 (PTGS2), PGF2α synthase (PGFS), and corresponding receptor (PTGFR) is altered in PUI. We investigated PTGS2, PGFS, and PTGFR mRNA expression, and PTGS2 and PGFS protein expression in interplacental (IP) and uteroplacental sites (UP) in bitches with PUI, obstructive dystocia (OD), and prepartum (PC). PTGS2, PGFS, and PTGFR mRNA expression did not differ significantly between PUI and OD (IP/UP). PTGFR ratio in UP was higher in PC than in OD (p = 0.014). PTGS2 immunopositivity was noted in foetal trophoblasts, luminal and superficial glandular epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells of both myometrial layers, and weakly and sporadically in deep uterine glands. PGFS was localized in luminal epithelial cells and in the epithelium of superficial uterine glands. PTGS2 and PGFS staining was similar between PUI and OD, while PGFS protein expression differed between OD and PC (p = 0.0215). For PTGS2, the longitudinal myometrial layer of IP stained significantly stronger than the circular layer, independent of groups. These results do not support a role for PTGS2, PGFS, and PTGFR in PUI. Reduced PGFS expression in IP during parturition compared with PC and the overall lack of placental PGFS expression confirm that PGFS is not the main source of prepartal PGF2alpha increase. The difference in PTGS2 expression between IP myometrial layers warrants further investigation into its physiological relevance.
“…Preimplantation embryo-derived stem cells are a good tool for studying early developmental biology and for biomedical research and genetic engineering in mammalian species (Blomberg & Telugu, 2012). Trophoblast stem cells are the first cells to differentiate from the embryo, have oligopotent stem cell characteristics, contribute to the formation of the fetal parts of the placenta and fetal membranes, and have the capacity to self-renew indefinitely (Latos & Hemberger, 2016;Peter et al, 2017). Camel (Camelus dromedarius) is an important mammalian species in the Arabian Peninsula and some other African and Asian countries because it can tolerate harsh arid conditions with maintaining meat and milk production.…”
SummaryThis study aimed to optimize the derivation of trophectoderm from in vitro-produced camel embryos under feeder-free culture conditions using the basement membrane matrix Matrigel. Trophoblastic vesicles were obtained through mechanical microdissection of in vitro-produced camel (Camelus dromedarius) embryos. Supplementing the culture medium with 10 ng/ml of epidermal growth factor and 10 ng/ml fibroblast growth factor improved the attachment and subsequent outgrowths of cultured trophoblastic vesicles when compared with the control group and the groups supplemented individually with each growth factor. The expression levels of pluripotency genes octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2), myelocytomatosis proto-oncogene (c-Myc) and anti-apoptotic gene B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) were increased in trophoblastic vesicles supplemented with both growth factors when compared with the control group. Conversely, both growth factors decreased the expression of apoptotic genes tumour protein p53 (p53) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax). To the best of our knowledge, this may be the first report describing the derivation of trophoblast stem cells from in vitro-produced camel embryos.
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