Trends in Microextraction Techniques for Sample Preparation

Abstract

Although analytical scientists equivocally agree that “no sample preparation” would be the best approach, the fact is that all samples that are handled in any analytical laboratory need to undergo treatment to some extent prior to their introduction to the analytical instrument [...]

Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction: Current State of the Art and Future Perspectives

“…Due to the strong chemical bonding between the fabric substrate and the sol-gel sorbents, FPSE membranes can be exposed to any organic or organo-aqueous solvent including a harsh chemical environment (pH [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. This offers a unique opportunity for selecting a suitable solvent compatible with both GC and LC and for analyzing simultaneously using both the technique to obtain complementary and holistic chemical information of the sample.…”

“…As such, sample preparation is considered to be the most time-consuming but critical part of the whole analysis, which affects its effectiveness and performance. Therefore, the main purposes are the reduction of the matrix complexity and the separation and pre-concentration of the target analytes from the sample matrices in order to be ready for their introduction into the analytical instrument for identification and quantification [1,2].…”

Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Organic Compounds Based on Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites

“…Solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) are two widely used and well-established techniques for the extraction of organic compounds. However, these conventional techniques tend to have many fundamental drawbacks such as complicated and time-consuming steps, requirement for a large amount of organic solvents and sample, as well as difficulties in automation [1][2][3][4]. Recent trends in sample preparation are focused on the progressive replacement of those techniques by miniaturized and environment-friendly techniques, such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) [5], dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [6], fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) [7] and dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) [8].…”

“…Sample and organic solvent consumption are also significantly decreased compared to classical SPE and LLE techniques [9,10].Because of the evolution of technology and nanotechnology, novel extraction sorbents with improved chemical and physical properties have been synthesized and successfully used for magnetic solid-phase extraction of target analytes. Moreover, with the use of these materials, high extraction efficiency, good reproducibility in combination with low detection and quantification limits can be achieved [1,2]. Typical examples of MSPE sorbents are magnetic nanoparticles with surface modification by octadecyl (C 18 ) [11], activated carbon [12], carbon-nanotubes [13], graphene [14], graphene oxide [15], metal-organic frameworks [16], covalent organic frameworks [17] and zeolitic imidazole frameworks [18].Graphene oxide is the oxidized form of graphene that can be easily prepared from natural graphite powder with Hummer's method after reaction with an anhydrous mixture of sulfuric acid, sodium nitrate and potassium permanganate [19][20][21][22][23][24].…”

“…Because of the evolution of technology and nanotechnology, novel extraction sorbents with improved chemical and physical properties have been synthesized and successfully used for magnetic solid-phase extraction of target analytes. Moreover, with the use of these materials, high extraction efficiency, good reproducibility in combination with low detection and quantification limits can be achieved [1,2]. Typical examples of MSPE sorbents are magnetic nanoparticles with surface modification by octadecyl (C 18 ) [11], activated carbon [12], carbon-nanotubes [13], graphene [14], graphene oxide [15], metal-organic frameworks [16], covalent organic frameworks [17] and zeolitic imidazole frameworks [18].…”