Treatment of Textile Wastewater Using Advanced Oxidation Processes—A Critical Review

Abstract

Textile manufacturing is a multi-stage operation process that produces significant amounts of highly toxic wastewater. Given the size of the global textile market and its environmental impact, the development of effective, economical, and easy-to handle alternative treatment technologies for textile wastewater is of significant interest. Based on the analysis of peer-reviewed publications over the last two decades, this paper provides a comprehensive review of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on textile wastewater treatment, including their performances, mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages, influencing factors, and electrical energy per order (EEO) requirements. Fenton-based AOPs show the lowest median EEO value of 0.98 kWh m−3 order−1, followed by photochemical (3.20 kWh m−3 order−1), ozonation (3.34 kWh m−3 order−1), electrochemical (29.5 kWh m−3 order−1), photocatalysis (91 kWh m−3 order−1), and ultrasound (971.45 kWh m−3 order−1). The Fenton process can treat textile effluent at the lowest possible cost due to the minimal energy input and low reagent cost, while Ultrasound-based AOPs show the lowest electrical efficiency due to the high energy consumption. Further, to explore the applicability of these methods, available results from a full-scale implementation of the enhanced Fenton technology at a textile mill wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) are discussed. The WWTP operates at an estimated cost of CNY ¥1.62 m−3 (USD $0.23 m−3) with effluent meeting the China Grade I-A pollutant discharge standard for municipal WWTPs, indicating that the enhanced Fenton technology is efficient and cost-effective in industrial treatment for textile effluent.

Resourcelized conversion of livestock manure to porous cage microsphere for eliminating emerging contaminants under peroxymonosulfate trigger

“…Exploring alternative synthetic strategies with low consumption of resource and energy is key for the wide application of DRCs technology in PMS activation. 34 …”

Copper(II)-Doped Carbon Dots as Catalyst for Ozone Degradation of Textile Dyes

“…Ozone is a common AOP of textile wastewater [ 6 , 7 ]. Ozone can degrade a wide range of textile dyes, promoting their discoloration and biodegradability.…”

“…Additionally, ozone increases the biodegradability of textile wastewater by breaking chemical bounds of refractory organic compounds, originating low-molecular-weight, easily biodegraded molecular fragments [ 9 ]. Recently, catalysts have been coupled to ozone (catalytic ozonation) to increase efficiency making the ozone a low selective AOP for pollutant removal in aquatic environments [ 6 ].…”

Synthetic Dyes for Textile Colouration: Process, Factors and Environmental Impact

“…Not all colours associated with textures are established in the colouring forms, and a portion of these colours is frequently washed out because they are not fixed to the surfaces. Some heavy metals, such as Cr, As, Cu, and Zn, are found in these effluents and can cause some medical issues, such as leakage, skin ulceration, nausea, acute skin aggravation, and dermatitis [138]. Many azo colours are also very harmful to the environment and cause genetic mutations, which means that they can have severe to irreversible effects on living forms depending on the period of introduction and the azo colour concentration [139,140].…”