Synthetic Dyes for Textile Colouration: Process, Factors and Environmental Impact

Abstract

Dyes are substances that enhance the appearance of finished goods by providing uniform colour. Dyeing is the application process of dyes that are fixed in textile fibers. The dyeing process uses various steps, including pre-treatment, desizing, scouring, bleaching, carbonizing, degumming, and mercerization. Water is considered the primary medium for applying dyes and other chemicals for this treatment in the dyeing process. The dyeing process contains many toxic chemicals, metals and non-soluble substances, such as wastewater, which is thrown into the environment. It is noted that, during dyeing , around 50-300 liters of water is required for 1 kg of fiber. On the other hand, 1-2 million liters of water are needed every day for 50,000 meters of daily production. This massive amount of toxic wastewater is highly harmful to the environment, human health, aquatic system, soil, air, water, plants, and animals. This review paper states various dyeing processes with different dyes, including acid dye, direct dye, sulfur dye, reactive dye, vat dye, metal complex dye, azo dye, disperse dye, and basic dye. In contrast, it also describes the influencing factors of dyeing processes and methods. Moreover, this review demonstrates the impacts of textile dyes on the environment (water, soil, air emissions, human health) and illustrates possible remedial actions regarding wastewater.

Role of White Rot Fungi in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: A Review

“…The textile industry is rapidly growing worldwide. The industry generates large amounts of wastewater containing many synthetic dyes, mostly recalcitrant and toxic [78]. Common dyes in textile industry wastewater are Azo dyes, anthraquinone, and triphenylmethane dyes, which can be easily degraded by WRF's extracellular enzymes, especially MnP and laccase [59].…”

Perbandingan Efektivitas Bioaktivator MOL Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa paradisiaca L.) dan EM4 Dalam Pengomposan Limbah Daun Srobilanthes cusia Secara Aerob

“…Pesatnya pertumbuhan populasi harus diimbangi dengan pemenuhan kebutuhan pokok, antara lain berupa kebutuhan bahan sandang. Bahan dasar produk sandang ini dihasilkan oleh industri tekstil yang menjadi sumber pendapatan yang signifikan dengan nilai sekitar $1 triliun, dan berkontribusi sekitar 7% total ekspor global serta melibatkan pekerja lebih dari 35 juta orang [1]. Salah satu tahap dalam produksi tekstil adalah proses pewarnaan.…”

Titanium Nanostructures: Advancing Photocatalysis in Complex Systems

“…They also exhibit better light and wash fastness, making them more durable and long-lasting. Nonetheless, they are not biodegradable and are difficult to remove from textile effluents, with degradation resulting in hazardous byproducts that are released into the environment [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Based on that mentioned before, this research was focused on the photodegradation of synthetic dyes that act as contaminants (i.e., Amaranth (AM), Methyl Orange (MO), and Quinoline Yellow (QY)) by titanium-based nanomaterials.…”