Treatment and control of bovine hypodermosis with ivermectin long-acting injection (IVOMEC® GOLD)

Abstract

BackgroundThe studies reported here were conducted to assess the efficacy of ivermectin long-acting injection (IVM LAI; IVOMEC® GOLD, Merial; 3.15 % w/v ivermectin) for the treatment and control of natural infestations of cattle by Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum, which are the most economically important oestrid flies of cattle in the northern hemisphere.MethodsCattle selected from herds with a history of Hypoderma infestation were grouped into blocks of three (Italy, 33 cattle; Germany, 30 cattle) or two (USA, 16 cattle) animals each, on the basis of positivity at the pre-treatment anti-Hypoderma antibody titres. Within each block, animals were randomly allocated to one of the following treatment regimens: saline (control); IVM LAI, administered at the predicted time of occurrence of first-instar larvae (Italy, Germany, USA); IVM LAI, administered at the predicted time of occurrence of second- and/or third-instar larvae (Italy, Germany). All treatments were administered by subcutaneous injection in correspondence of the area anterior to the shoulder at 1 ml/50 kg body weight, which corresponds to 630 mcg IVM/kg for IVM LAI.ResultsNo Hypoderma larvae emerged from animals treated with IVM LAI, whereas live H. lineatum (Italy) or H. bovis (Germany, USA) larvae were collected from saline-treated animals (P < 0.01). No adverse reactions to treatments were in any of the animals enrolled in the study.ConclusionsThe results from this study demonstrate that ivermectin in a long-acting formulation is 100 % efficacious in the treatment of cattle naturally infested by H. bovis and H. lineatum larvae at all stages of development. IVM LAI can, therefore, be used as ‘prophylactic’ treatment for Hypoderma spp. infestations in absence of external evidence of their presence and thus prior to skin and carcass damage, and as ‘therapeutic’ treatment, when warbles are already present.

Myiasis pada Ruminansia: Diagnosis, Manajemen Terapi dan Pencegahan

“…Sedangkan jenis lalat yang menyebabkan myiasis furunkula adalah Dermatobia hominis (Meurer et al, 2016), Cordylobia anthropophaga (Fujisaki et al, 2008), Wohlfahrtia vigil (Dehghani et al, 2014), dan spesies Cuterebra (Crumley et al, 2011). Myiasis migrasi disebabkan oleh jenis lalat Gasterophilus (Miguélez et al, 2016), dan Hypoderma (Otranto et al, 2016). Sedangkan lalat yang menyebabkan myiasis traumatika adalah Cochliomyia hominivorax (Calderon-Castrat et al, 2017), Chrysomya bezziana (Sukarsih, et al, 1989) dan Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Kheirabadi et al, 2014 Jenis lalat yang sering menyebabkan kejadian myiasis pada ternak di negara tropis adalah Chrysomya bezziana yang merupakan parasit obligat pada hewan berdarah panas (Katoch et al, 2014).…”

Vernachlässigte, neue und wiederkehrende Parasitosen in Deutschland – bedeutend für die Großtierpraxis?

“…B. in Belgien, Spanien, Portugal, Italien, Österreich und den Balkanstaaten, aber auch Polen (12). Einzelne infizierte Tiere wurden auch in Deutschland (Rheinland-Pfalz) gefunden (76,82).…”

“…Als außerordentlich gut wirksam gegen alle Stadien von H. bovis und H. lineatum erwies sich z. B. eine Ivermectin-Injektion mit Langzeitwirkung (76), die an Gruppen von Rindern in Italien, Deutschland und den USA getestet worden war. Ebenfalls sehr gute Ergebnisse mit vollständiger Bekämpfung aller Entwicklungsstadien wurden bei auf natürlichem Weg infizierten Tieren mit Eprinomectin bei verlängerter Wirkstofffreisetzung erzielt (82).…”

LONGRANGE® (eprinomectin 5% w/v extended-release injection) efficacy against Hypoderma lineatum in an endemic area in southern Italy

“…The development in the late 1950s of systemic organophosphate insecticides for use in cattle followed by the introduction of the macrocyclic lactones in the 1980s [3, 4] resulted in a marked decrease in the prevalence of bovine hypodermosis in most developed countries in the northern hemisphere and even eradication in some areas following the implementation of area-wide campaigns or national control programs [5, 6]. However, as summarized recently [7], residual populations of bovine Hypoderma spp. are still present in Canada and the USA and in several countries of continental Europe.…”

“…The species established in cattle in North America and Europe are H. bovis , also referred to as the larger warble fly or northern cattle grub, and H. lineatum , the lesser warble fly or common cattle grub. Although both species are still known to occur in North America and Europe [7], only scarce data are available on the current relative distribution of the two cattle warble fly species. This general lack of knowledge about the current prevalence of the two Hypoderma species in endemic countries is due to the overall significant decrease in incidence and the preferred use of ELISAs in surveillance programs in place of clinical examination of cattle or of carcasses at abattoirs.…”