The present study was designed to comparatively investigate 34 beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from infected pigs and monkeys from various islands in Indonesia. According to the serological and biochemical data, all 34 isolates were Lancefield's serological group C streptococci and could be identified as Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Of the 34 group C streptococci investigated, 28 grew on solid media in large, mucoid colonies, in fluid media at a uniform turbidity, and in soft agar in diffuse colonies. A decapsulation test with a hyaluronidase-producing Staphylococcus aureus strain revealed the hyaluronic acid nature of the capsular material. The remaining six streptococci grew on solid media in small, nonmucoid colonies, in fluid media as sediment with clear supernatant, and in soft agar in compact colonies. Determination of surface hydrophobicity by salt aggregation revealed a hydrophilic surface for the encapsulated bacteria and a hydrophobic surface for the unencapsulated group C streptococci. To further analyze the epidemiological relationships, all 34 mucoid and nonmucoid isolates from pigs and monkeys were subjected to protein and DNA fingerprinting. The latter was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The protein profiles of all 34 isolates and the DNA profiles of 32 isolates appeared to be identical, with the DNA profiles of 2 isolates being closely related, indicating that a single virulent clone is responsible for this disease outbreak in Indonesia. At the beginning of 1994, a disease outbreak among pigs and monkeys was reported on the island of Bali, Indonesia. The diseased animals showed such clinical symptoms as painful swelling of the joints, respiratory disturbances, and diarrhea. Most of the animals died within a few days. The postmortem examinations of the pigs and monkeys revealed signs of polyarthritis, bronchopneumonia, pleuritis, epicarditis, endocarditis, and meningitis (6). Further bacteriological examinations resulted in the isolation of streptococci of serological group C. These bacteria seemed to be one of the major causative agents. These group C streptococci could be isolated from most of the pigs and monkeys in pure cultures. The first cases were reported among animals of a pig owner in a small village on the island of Bali. In the following weeks and months, the outbreak spread rapidly to the surrounding districts in Bali and into a monkey population. Within 3 months, comparable cases were reported for diseased pigs on the islands of Sumatra and Sulawesi. No comparable disease was reported in Indonesia before 1994. At present, little is known about the properties and epidemiological relationships of these group C streptococcal isolates from various places in Indonesia. The present study was designed to further characterize pig and monkey isolates from Bali and the islands of Sumatra and Sulawesi. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial isolates. A total of 34 beta-hemolytic streptococci were investigated in this study. Thirty streptococci were isolated from diseased...
Aim:Haemonchus contortus is a major problem in small ruminants in Indonesia. The frequent use of the anthelmintic drugs has given rise to drug-resistant populations which increase the need for new anthelminthic compounds, particularly from endemic plants. This study evaluated the in vitro effects of Biophytum petersianum crude aqueous extract (BAE) as an anthelmintic compound against H. contortus adult worm isolated from goats.Materials and Methods:Adult worm collected from naturally infected abomasums were obtained from slaughtered goats on the day of slaughter. BAE was prepared in six different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/ml) which were tested for their efficacies on ten actively moving worms. Ivermectin (1 mg/ml) was included as a reference drug, while saline water was included as a control. The dead worms from anthelmintic test then went through sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Results:Highest mean mortality in treatments group both at 2 h and 4 h observations was BAE 10%. The SDS-PAGE analysis revealed the presence of five protein bands with molecular weights 9.3, 17.1, 50.0, 63.2, and 72.7 kDa based on BAE 10%. The SEM changes observed in the in vitro trials revealed the occurrence of interactions between the BAE and the cuticle.Conclusion:The SEM and SDS-PAGE analysis revealed ultrastructural structural changes and the decrease numbers of polypeptides on treated worms when compared to the control worms. It can thus be concluded that the BAE exhibits good anthelmintic activity against H. contortus adult worm.
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