Treadmill exercise and wheel exercise improve motor function by suppressing apoptotic neuronal cell death in brain inflammation rats

Abstract

Brain inflammation is involved in many brain disorders, such as brain ischemic injury, Alzheimer diseases, and Parkinson disease. Physical exercise has been recommended for the prevention and treatment of many brain inflammatory diseases. In the present study, the effects of exercise on motor function in relation with apoptotic neuronal cell death following neuroinflammation were investigated. Moreover, we compared the effect of forced exercise with voluntary exercise on neuroinflammation-induced motor malfunction. For this study, rota-rod test, vertical pole test, foot fault test, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, immunohistochemistry for caspase-3, and western blot for Bcl-2 and Bax were performed. Lipopolysaccharide was intraventricular infused for induction of brain inflammation. Treadmill exercise and wheel exercise were conducted during 6 weeks. In the present results, Treadmill exercise and wheel exercise alleviated brain inflammation-induced motor impairments by suppressing apoptotic neuronal cell death in the motor cortex. These effects of treadmill exercise and wheel exercise were similarly appeared.

Treadmill exercise ameliorates memory impairment through ERK-Akt-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway in cerebral ischemia gerbils

“…In the ischemic attack, increased expression of Bcl-2 inhibited apoptosis, while over-expression of Bax promoted apoptosis (Choi et al, 2017;Park et al, 2016). Increase of Bax to Bcl-2 ratio represents apoptotic cell death (Song et al, 2018). In the present study, caspase-3 expression in the hippocampal CA1 region was enhanced by the induction of cerebral ischemia insult.…”

“…Caspase-3 immunohistochemistry was performed according to a previously described method (Park et al, 2019;Song et al, 2018). The sections were incubated overnight with mouse anti-caspase-3 antibody (1:500; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and then they were incubated for another 1 hr with the biotinylated mouse secondary antibody.…”

“…Western blot analysis was performed, as the previously described method (Kim et al, 2019;Park et al, 2019;Song et al, 2018). Brain tissues were lysed in an ice-cold whole cell lysate buffer.…”

Effects of swimming exercise on social isolation-induced memory impairment and apoptosis in old rats

“…As previously described method (Song et al, 2018), we performed TUNEL staining using a Cell Death Detection Kit (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). The sections were postfixed in ethanol-acetic acid (2:1), rinsed, incubated with proteinase K (100 mg/mL), and rinsed again.…”

“…Bcl-2 can inhibit apoptosis by preventing the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. However, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL form heterodimers with the major pro-apoptotic members Bax and lose their ability in their preventive function (Kuwana and Newmeyer, 2003;Song et al, 2018). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) analysis detects DNA fragmentation, one of the hallmarks of apoptotic cell death (Song et al, 2018).…”