Travelling wave electro-optic modulators

White, G.; Chin, G.M.

doi:10.1016/0030-4018(72)90037-5

Cited by 24 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Traveling wave modulators have been described which work to several gigahertz and which have UV transmission and low half-wave voltages. (43,47,48) However, we were unable to use a commercially available version of these modulators, due to drifts in transmission through the crossed polarizers.…”

Section: Design Of the Instrumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency-Domain Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Lakowicz

Gryczyński

Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy

201

275

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Section: Design Of the Instrumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency-Domain Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Lakowicz

Gryczyński

Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy

201

275

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“…The upper frequency limit of most photomultiplier tubes is near 200 MHz, and it is difficult to obtain useful modulation above a constant-intensity light source 200 MHz. Traveling wave modulators, with TJV transmission and low half-wave voltages, which work to several GHz have been described [7][8][9] . However, such modulators are not readily available, and the limited commercial products were found to be unsuitable.…”

Section: 1 Gigahertz Frequency-domain Fluorometersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in frequency-domain fluorometry, gigahertz instrumentation, time-dependent photomigration, and fluorescence lifetime imaging

Lakowicz¹,

Gryczyński²,

Szmacinski³

et al. 1992

SPIE Proceedings

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During the past seven years, there have been remarkable advances in the frequency-domain method for measurement of time-resolved emission or light scattering.In this presentation we describe the recent extension of the frequency range to 10 GHz using a specially designed microchannel plate PMT.Experimental data will be shown for measurement of picosecond rotational diffusion and for sub-picosecond resolution of time delays. The resolution of PS to ns timescale processes is not obtained at the expense of sensitivity, or is shown by measurements on the intrinsic tryptophan emission from hemoglobin.We also describe a time-resolved reflectance imaging experiment on a scattering medium containing an absorbing object. Time-resolved imaging of the back-scattered light is realized by means of a RF-phase-sensitive camera, synchronized to the laser pulses. By processing the stored images, a final image can be created, the contrast of which is based only on time differences of the back-scattered photons. This image reveals the presence and position of the absorber within the scattering medium.And finally, we describe a new methodology, fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) , in which the contrast depends on the fluorescence lifetime at each point in a two-dimensional image, and not the local concentration and/or intensity of the fluorophore. We used FLIM to create lifetime images of NADH when free in solution and when bound to malate dehydrogenase. FLIM has numerous potential applications in cell biology and imaging.

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