Traumatic optic neuropathy

Prevalence of ocular and orbital injuries in polytrauma patients

“…But in cases of open globe injuries, retinal or optic nerve lesions, immediate intervention might be sight saving. In particular, open globe injury repair is highly recommended within the first 24 h to decrease incidence of endophthalmitis, while treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy, although controversial, should be implemented within the first 8 h [17,18]. Both are often associated with head injuries and midfacial fractures, as was also demonstrated in this study.…”

Erythropoietin: a novel treatment for traumatic optic neuropathy—a pilot study

“…After the primary insult, other secondary mechanisms may cause further damage to the nerve. These mechanisms include ischemia, generation of oxygen free radicals, release of bradykinin and kallidin, and release of inflammatory mediators resulting in infiltration of macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells that possibly may further damage the axons by releasing enzymes and free radical compounds [1,4].…”

“…Indirect TON results from injury to the optic nerve axons in the bony optic canal induced by shearing forces that are transmitted to the fibers or to the vascular supply of the nerve and, eventually, retinal ganglion cell apoptosis [1,3,4].…”

“…Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is a serious and devastating condition that occurs in approximately 0.5 to 5% of closed-head injuries [1] and in 2.5% patients with maxillofacial trauma and mid-face fractures [2]. TON results in variable degrees of optic atrophy and decreased visual functions.…”

High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone in recent traumatic optic neuropathy; a randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial

“…Indirect injuries are caused by forces that are transmitted at different levels after blunt head trauma [3]. The most common site of indirect optic-nerve injury is the optic canal [13].…”