Transparent diamond microelectrodes for biochemical application

Gao, Zihao; Carabelli, Valentina; Carbone, Emilio; Colombo, Elisabetta; Demaria, F.; Dipalo, Michele; Gosso, Sara; Manfredotti, C.; Pasquarelli, A.; Rossi, Stefano; Xu, Yuanzhi; Vittone, E.; Kohn, E.

doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2010.03.014

Cited by 24 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…It is easy to predict any complex optical behavior of the device stack due to the different optical properties of the individual layers. In fact, as extensively discussed elsewhere (Gao et al, 2010), the heavily boron-doped electrode layer, the undoped diamond support layer, the Si-based nucleation interlayer and even the SU-8 photoresist used for passivation, in addition to the scattering behavior due to the nanocrystalline structure of the film together with the little yet non-negligible sp2 content at the grain boundaries, cause composite optical absorptions and interferences. The overall transmittance is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Transparency Of the Ncd-based Devicementioning

confidence: 93%

“…2A. Worth mentioning is the systematic decrease of the average transmittance as the wavelength decreases (Gao et al, 2010). This feature is superimposed on the interference fringes due to multi- beam interference occurring at the interfaces of the thin-film stack .…”

Section: Transparency Of the Ncd-based Devicementioning

confidence: 95%

“…In fact, in the wavelengths range between 500 and 600 nm where typical fluorophores, such as Fluo-3 and Texas Red are used to monitor intracellular Ca 2+ (Titus et al, 1982;Minta et al, 1989), the device shows a transparency of 30-40% on the passivated surface ( Fig. 2A), and even higher values (40-60%) in the area uncovered by the photoresist, where the amperometric measurements take place (Gao et al, 2010). Considering a typical dynamic range of 10 4 for the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection method, it is possible to conclude that in spite of the marked absorption in the blue-violet region, the average transmittance of the device in the visible range allows fluorescence analysis with a residual dynamic range larger than three orders of magnitude.…”

Section: Transparency Of the Ncd-based Devicementioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanocrystalline diamond microelectrode arrays fabricated on sapphire technology for high-time resolution of quantal catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells

Carabelli

Gosso

Marcantoni

et al. 2010

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

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a b s t r a c tThe quantal release of oxidizable molecules can be successfully monitored by means of polarized carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFEs) positioned in close proximity to the cell membrane. To partially overcome certain CFE limitations, mainly related to their low spatial resolution and lack of optical transparency, we developed a planar boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) prototype, grown on a transparent sapphire wafer. Responsiveness to applied catecholamines as well as the electrochemical and optical properties of the NCD-based device were first characterized by cyclic voltammetry and optical transmittance measurements. By stimulating chromaffin cells positioned on the device with external KCl, well-resolved quantal exocytotic events could be detected either from one NCD microelectrode, or simultaneously from an array of four microelectrodes, indicating that the chip is able to monitor secretory events (amperometric spikes) from a number of isolated chromaffin cells. Spikes detected by the planar NCD device had comparable amplitudes, kinetics and vesicle diameter distributions as those measured by conventional CFEs from the same chromaffin cell.

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Section: Transparency Of the Ncd-based Devicementioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Transparency Of the Ncd-based Devicementioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Transparency Of the Ncd-based Devicementioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanocrystalline diamond microelectrode arrays fabricated on sapphire technology for high-time resolution of quantal catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells

Carabelli

Gosso

Marcantoni

et al. 2010

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

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“…Interestingly, our new 3 × 3 MEA with micrometer separation improves the electrochemical response with respect to our previous 2 × 2 MEA prototype. A comparison between the oxidation plateaus of adrenaline (the same molecule already detected in vitro with living cells) monitored with a 2 × 2 MEA prototype like the one described in [20] and the new 3 × 3 MEA is shown in Fig. 6.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was even possible to combine diamond with CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) technologies on sapphire whereby a tolerable transparency could be preserved [18]. More recently, the first prototypes of NCD microelectrode arrays on transparent substrate were fabricated [19] and we lately reported on a first 2 × 2 microelectrode array out of boron-doped NCD on sapphire [20]. The latter NCD microelectrode array was successfully employed in vitro with living cells, resolving with high time resolution bursts of amperometric spikes associated to the quantal release of adrenaline from mouse chromaffin cells [21], achieving a first spatially resolved detection of those signals [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of a NCD microelectrode array for amperometric detection with micrometer spatial resolution

Colombo

Men

Scharpf

et al. 2011

Diamond and Related Materials

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We report on the fabrication of a boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) 3 × 3 high-density microelectrode array (MEA) for amperometric measurements, with a single electrode area of 3 × 5 μm 2 and a separation in the μm scale. The NCD microelectrodes were grown by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) on a double-side polished sapphire wafer in order to preserve the diamond transparency. Bias enhanced nucleation (BEN) was performed to ensure a covalent adhesion of the films to the substrate. A current background noise of less than 5 pA peak to peak over a 1 kHz bandwidth resulted from an electrochemical investigation of the new device, using 100 mM KCl solutions and ferrocyanide red-ox couples. Cyclic voltammetry measurements in physiological buffer solution and in the presence of oxidizable biomolecules strengthened its suitability for bio-sensing. When compared to a 2 × 2 NCD microelectrode array prototype, already used for in vitro cell measurements, the signal to noise ratio of the amperometric response of the new 3 × 3 device proved twice as good. In addition, the optical transmittance of the boron-doped thin layers exceeded 40% in the visible wavelength range. The excellent electrochemical properties of NCD electrodes and the transparency in combination with the high spatial resolution make the new 3 × 3 NCD MEA a promising tool for electrochemical sensing in a variety of applications, ranging from medical to industrial, in neutral or harsh environments.

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Progress in transparent diamond microelectrode arrays

Granado

Neusser

Kranz

et al. 2015

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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Diamond multi electrode arrays (MEAs) and ultra-micro electrode array (uMEA) fabricated from boron-doped nanocrystalline (BNCD) thin-films, show excellent performances when detecting cell activity in both amperometric and potentiometric applications. Furthermore they are suitable for delivering electrical stimulation to elicit bioelectric events. Results obtained with our previous 9-channels uMEA for single cells at high spatial resolution, and 16channels MEA for multicellular samples, validated the signal quality of diamond MEAs in comparison with competing technologies. The latest progresses are reported in this paper were we describe a new generation of devices with enhanced performances: a 12-channel uMEA for recordings from a single cell at high spatial resolution, and a 64-channel MEA to accommodate larger multicellular samples. The technology is based on a 200 mm thin high-temperature glass with the same thermal expansion coefficient of silicon and a spin-on seeding method. Preliminary experiments show excellent electrodes activity and a strongly improved transparency.

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Transparent diamond microelectrodes for biochemical application

Cited by 24 publications

References 23 publications

Nanocrystalline diamond microelectrode arrays fabricated on sapphire technology for high-time resolution of quantal catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells

Nanocrystalline diamond microelectrode arrays fabricated on sapphire technology for high-time resolution of quantal catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells

Fabrication of a NCD microelectrode array for amperometric detection with micrometer spatial resolution

Progress in transparent diamond microelectrode arrays

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