Transmission of waterborne parasites in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Overview and direction forward

Lim, Yvonne Ai Lian; Nissapatorn, Veeranoot

doi:10.1016/j.fawpar.2017.08.001

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…PAM is an acute, rapid and fatal disease of the central nervous system caused by N. fowleri infection, prevalent mainly in children and adolescents who swim in polluted ponds or swimming pools. Approximately 440 cases of this disease has been reported worldwide, most of which have occurred within the United States, Australia and Europe [ 5 , 6 ], though very few PAM cases were reported in China [ 7 ]. The clinical manifestations of PAM are similar to those of bacterial meningitis, including severe headaches, high fever, projectile vomiting, seizures, neck stiffness, changes in the level of consciousness and meningeal irritation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pediatric case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri diagnosed by next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples

et al. 2021

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Background Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare, acute and fatal disease of the central nervous system caused by infection with Naegleria fowleri (Heggie, in Travel Med Infect Dis 8:201–6, 2010). Presently, the majority of reported cases in the literature have been diagnosed through pathogen detection pathogens in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This report highlights the first case of pediatric PAM diagnosed with amoeba infiltration within CSF and bloodstream of an 8-year-old male child, validated through meta-genomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Case presentation An 8-year-old male child was admitted to hospital following 24 h of fever, headache and vomiting and rapidly entered into a coma. CSF examination was consistent with typical bacterial meningitis. However, since targeted treatment for this condition proved to be futile, the patient rapidly progressed to brain death. Finally, the patient was referred to our hospital where he was confirmed with brain death. CSF and blood samples were consequently analyzed through mNGS. N. fowleri was detected in both samples, although the sequence copy number in the blood was lower than for CSF. The pathogen diagnosis was further verified by PCR and Sanger sequencing. Conclusions This is the first reported case of pediatric PAM found in mainland China. The results indicate that N. fowleri may spread outside the central nervous system through a damaged blood–brain barrier.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pediatric case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri diagnosed by next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples

et al. 2021

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“…With respect to the occurrence of PAM, in the USA 143 cases have been reported from 1962 to 2016, 139 of which were fatal . Around 440 cases are recorded worldwide …”

Section: Historical Background and Epidemiology Of Primary Amoebic Mementioning

confidence: 99%

Naegleria fowleri: Sources of infection, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management; a review

Jahangeer

Mahmood

Munir

et al. 2019

Clin Exp Pharma Physio

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Naegleria fowleri, a thermophilic flagellate amoeba known as a “brain‐eating” amoeba, is the aetiological agent of a perilous and devastating waterborne disease known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), both in humans as well as in animals. PAM is a rare but fatal disease affecting young adults all around the world, particularly in the developed world but recently reported from developing countries, with 95%–99% mortality rate. Swimmers and divers are at high risk of PAM as the warm water is the most propitious environment adapted by N. fowleri to cause this infection. Infective amoeba in the trophozoite phase enter the victim's body through the nose, crossing the cribriform plate to reach the human brain and cause severe destruction of the central nervous system (CNS). The brain damage leads to brain haemorrhage and death occurs within 3–7 days in undiagnosed cases and maltreated cases. Though the exact pathogenesis of N. fowleri is still not known, it has exhibited two primary mechanisms, contact‐independent (brain damage through different proteins) and contact‐dependent (brain damage through surface structures food cups), that predominantly contribute to the pathogen invading the host CNS. For the management of this life‐threatening infection different treatment regimens have been applied but still the survival rate is only 5% which is ascribed to its misdiagnosis, as the PAM symptoms closely resembled bacterial meningitis. The main objectives of this review article are to compile data to explore the sources and routes of N. fowleri infection, its association in causing PAM along with its pathophysiology; latest techniques used for accurate diagnosis, management options along with challenges for Pakistan to control this drastic disorder.

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“…Swimming pools are included as a source of transmission. He points out the fact that there are massive gaps of knowledge in the occurrence, morbidity and mortality associated with parasitic diseases [47]. According to a review providing data related to neglected parasitic protozoa in the tropics reporting that only an estimated 1% of global outbreaks of waterborne parasitic protozoa outbreaks have occurred in Asia, it is evident that there is a paucity of information from this region where organized mechanisms of documentation of parasitic infections or waterborne outbreaks are lacking [48].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exotic Tourist Destinations and Transmission of Infections by Swimming Pools and Hot Springs—A Literature Review

Mavridou

Παππά

Papatzitze

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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A growing number of people undertake international travel, and yet faster growth of such travel is expected in the tropics. Information on the hazards presented by pool and hot spring waters in tropical countries is very limited. This review aims to collate available information on pool water quality, alongside data on cases and outbreaks associated with swimming in pools in tropical regions affecting both local populations and travellers. Bacteria species commonly causing cases and outbreaks in the tropics as well as elsewhere in the world were excluded, and the review focuses on studies related to pathogens that, with the exception of Cryptosporidium, are unusual in more temperate climates. Studies concerning subtropical countries were included in the light of climate change. Diseases transmitted by vectors breeding in poorly maintained, neglected or abandoned pools were also included. 83 studies dealing with Microsporidia, Leptospira spp., Schistosomas spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria spp., Clostridium trachomatis, viruses, and vectors breeding in swimming pool and hot tub waters, and fulfilling predefined criteria, have been included in our survey of the literature. In conclusion, prevention strategies for pool safety in the tropics are imperative. Public health authorities need to provide guidance to westerners travelling to exotic destinations on how to protect their health in swimming pools.

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Transmission of waterborne parasites in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Overview and direction forward

Cited by 10 publications

References 39 publications

A pediatric case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri diagnosed by next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples

A pediatric case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri diagnosed by next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples

Naegleria fowleri: Sources of infection, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management; a review

Exotic Tourist Destinations and Transmission of Infections by Swimming Pools and Hot Springs—A Literature Review

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