“…Second, the SE is significantly reduced as the pilot tones should be inserted in every OFDM symbol with few subcarriers. Fortunately, we found that the Quadrature Phase Shift Keyed (QPSK) OFDM signal with dual-subcarrier and quad-subcarrier are 9QAM [10] and 25QAM [11] in the time domain, respectively. With these special properties, QPSK-OFDM signal with dual-subcarrier and quad-subcarrier can be equalized in the time domain with cascaded multimodulus algorithm (CMMA) equalization method.…”