Recently, the desired very high throughput of 5G wireless networks drives millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communication into practical applications. A phased array technique is required to increase the effective antenna aperture at mm-wave frequency. Integrated solutions of beamforming/beam steering are extremely attractive for practical implementations. After a discussion on the basic principles of radio beam steering, we review and explore the recent advanced integration techniques of silicon-based electronic integrated circuits (EICs), photonic integrated circuits (PICs), and antenna-on-chip (AoC). For EIC, the latest advanced designs of on-chip true time delay (TTD) are explored. Even with such advances, the fundamental loss of a silicon-based EIC still exists, which can be solved by advanced PIC solutions with ultra-broad bandwidth and low loss. Advanced PIC designs for mm-wave beam steering are then reviewed with emphasis on an optical TTD. Different from the mature silicon-based EIC, the photonic integration technology for PIC is still under development. In this paper, we review and explore the potential photonic integration platforms and discuss how a monolithic integration based on photonic membranes fits the photonic mm-wave beam steering application, especially for the ease of EIC and PIC integration on a single chip. To combine EIC, for its accurate and mature fabrication techniques, with PIC, for its ultra-broad bandwidth and low loss, a hierarchical mm-wave beam steering chip with large-array Manuscript delays realized in PIC and sub-array delays realized in EIC can be a future-proof solution. Moreover, the antenna units can be further integrated on such a chip using AoC techniques. Among the mentioned techniques, the integration trends on device and system levels are discussed extensively.Index Terms-5G, millimeter-wave, beam steering, true-timedelay, phase shifter, antenna-on-chip, photonic radio beam steering, broadband beamforming, phase control units. 0018-9197
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Abstract:A uni-traveling carrier photodetector (UTC-PD), heterogeneously integrated on silicon, is demonstrated. It is fabricated in an InP-based photonic membrane bonded on a silicon wafer, using a novel double-sided processing scheme. A very high 3 dB bandwidth of beyond 67 GHz is obtained, together with a responsivity of 0.7 A/W at 1.55 µm wavelength. In addition, open eye diagrams at 54 Gb/s are observed. These results promise high speed applications using a novel full-functionality photonic platform on silicon. Tol, H. Ambrosius, G. Roelkens, and M. Smit, "Low-optical-loss, low-resistance Ag/Ge based ohmic contacts to n-type InP for membrane based waveguide devices," Opt. Mater. Express 5(2), 393-398 (2015). 24. A. Higuera-Rodriguez, V. Dolores-Calzadilla, Y. Jiao, E. J. Geluk, D. Heiss, and M. K. Smit, "Realization of efficient metal grating couplers for membrane-based integrated photonics," Opt. Lett. 40(12), 2755Lett. 40(12), -2757Lett. 40(12), (2015.
Free-space indoor optical communication deploying pencil beams can offer ultra-high wireless capacity individually per user device. By means of 2D diffractive modules, such as a pair of crossed gratings, 2D steering of multiple beams by just tuning the wavelength of each beam can be achieved. The design aspects of an indoor system fed via an intelligent optical fiber backbone network are discussed. 2D angular beam steering over a 6°×12° area was achieved by wavelength tuning from 1505 to 1630nm. System experiments using PAM-4 modulation have shown a capacity of 32Gbit/s per infrared beam. With radioover-fiber techniques and optical carrier recovery from the downstream signal, 10Gbit/s upstream transmission of a 60GHz radio signal has been shown using adaptive DMT modulation.Index Terms-indoor wireless communication, diffractive optical beam steering, radio over fiber, optical signal routing, optical wireless communication
Staircase codes (SCCs) are typically decoded using iterative bounded-distance decoding (BDD) and hard decisions. In this paper, a novel decoding algorithm is proposed, which partially uses soft information from the channel. The proposed algorithm is based on marking certain number of highly reliable and highly unreliable bits. These marked bits are used to improve the miscorrection-detection capability of the SCC decoder and the error-correcting capability of BDD. For SCCs with 2-errorcorrecting Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem component codes, our algorithm improves upon standard SCC decoding by up to 0.30 dB at a bit-error rate (BER) of 10 −7 . The proposed algorithm is shown to achieve almost half of the gain achievable by an idealized decoder with this structure. A complexity analysis based on the number of additional calls to the component BDD decoder shows that the relative complexity increase is only around 4% at a BER of 10 −4 . This additional complexity is shown to decrease as the channel quality improves. Our algorithm is also extended (with minor modifications) to product codes. The simulation results show that in this case, the algorithm offers gains of up to 0.44 dB at a BER of 10 −8 .
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