“…Key existing studies that offer insights into this question include Besnier’s (1996) early work on gender liminality in the Pacific, which is one of the first critical studies concerning non-heteronormative Pacific Islanders, and Dolgoy’s (2000, 2014) comprehensive work on the early history (from the 1960s to mid-1980s) of the ‘ fa’afafine movement’. Schmidt (2003, 2010, 2016, 2017) also provides extensive and valuable analysis of the complexities of the gender embodiment and identification of fa’afafine in New Zealand and Samoa, with particular attention to Westernisation and migration as key contexts. Other relevant research examines such questions as the cultural roles, meanings and representations of fa’afafine (Mageo, 1992, 1996, 2008; Roen, 2001; Schoeffel, 2014; Wolf, 2010), and their legal status (Farran, 2010, 2014; Farran and Su’a, 2005).…”