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Past studies that compare cisgender to transgender (or trans) and gender diverse people have found a higher prevalence of mental health problems among the latter groups. This paper utilises Testa's Gender Minority Stress Framework, which is an expansion of Minority Stress Theory to assess minority stressors that are specific to the experiences of trans and gender diverse people. The concept of cisnormativity, an ideology that positions cisgender identities as a norm, is used in relation to the Gender Minority Stress Framework to describe the marginalising nature of social environments for trans and gender diverse people. This paper provides a critical review that integrates and expands upon past theoretical perspectives on gender minority stressors and protective factors. Specifically, this paper demonstrates the relevance of cultural and ethnic backgrounds to complement the application of intersectionality in research on health disparities experienced by trans and gender diverse people.

Objective: To determine adherence to nutritional guidelines by pregnant women in New Zealand and maternal characteristics associated with adherence. Design: A cohort of the pregnant women enrolled into New Zealand's new birth cohort study, Growing Up in New Zealand. Setting: Women residing within a North Island region of New Zealand, where onethird of the national population lives. Subjects: Pregnant women (n 5664) were interviewed during 2009-2010. An FFQ was administered during the face-to-face interview. Results: The recommended daily number of servings of vegetables and fruit (≥6) were met by 25 % of the women; of breads and cereals (≥6) by 26 %; of milk and milk products (≥3) by 58 %; and of lean meat, meat alternatives and eggs (≥2) by 21 %. One in four women did not meet the recommendations for any food group. Only 3 % met all four food group recommendations. Although adherence to recommendation for the vegetables/fruit group did not vary by ethnicity (P = 0·38), it did vary for the breads/cereals, milk/milk products and meat/eggs groups (all P < 0·001). Adherence to recommendations for the vegetables/fruit group was higher among older women (P = 0·001); for the breads/cereals group was higher for women with previous children (P < 0·001) and from lower-income households (P < 0·001); and for the meat/eggs group was higher for women with previous children (P = 0·003) and from lower-income households (P = 0·004). Conclusions: Most pregnant women in New Zealand do not adhere to nutritional guidelines in pregnancy, with only 3 % meeting the recommendations for all four food groups. Adherence varies more so with ethnicity than with other sociodemographic characteristics.

We map a discourse of the trauma of rape that was widely drawn upon by 29 "lay" New Zealand women and men in focus group discussions about the impact of rape. Using a discursive approach, we identify the key interlocking elements of this discourse. It centers on the contention that rape is traumatic, and depicts this trauma as unique, severe, long lasting, and in need of healing. We discuss the ways in which this ostensibly more enlightened and sensitive framework of meaning brings forth its own ways of potentially othering, stigmatizing, violating, and obstructing avenues of support and understanding for women who have experienced rape.