“…Lim et al (2017) and Chen et al (2023) reported that forest conversion into plantations and infrastructure development are the main triggers of forest degradation and deforestation in Southeast Asia. This high rate of forest degradation and deforestation has caused a decline in wildlife populations and increased human-wildlife conflict (Borah et al, 2020;Horgan & Kudavidanage, 2021). The intensity of human-wildlife conflict, which continues to increase from time to time, also results in economic losses for local communities living around forest areas, such as causing damage to agricultural crops, loss of livestock, crop failure, damage to house buildings, and can even cause fatalities of both in humans and wildlife (Subedi et al, 2020;Sulistyono et al, 2022).…”