Translating oppression: Understanding how sexual minority status is associated with White men’s racial attitudes.

Kleiman, Sela; Spanierman, Lisa B.; Smith, Nathan Grant

doi:10.1037/a0038797

Cited by 38 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…However, in light of the absence of significant sexual orientation gaps in support for race‐based affirmative action in workplace hiring practices (as well as endorsement of racist stereotypes), the findings best support Hypothesis 5 (i.e., sexual orientation differences in concern about racial inequality but not in support for programs to redress it) (also see Kleiman et al. ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Yet, in gender‐specific supplemental analyses (available upon request), white lesbian and bisexual women (but not gay and bisexual men) were more likely to support affirmative action in higher education than were their heterosexual counterparts (see also Kleiman et al. ). Future work should further examine how the influence of sexual orientation on social attitudes intersects with race, ethnicity, gender, class, and other identities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given white LGB individuals’ oppressed status as sexual minorities, they may be more aware of racial discrimination and inequality and supportive of affirmative action. In particular, exposure to homophobic discrimination, which facilitates the raising of one's “queer consciousness” (Friedman and Leaper ; Orne ; Rollins and Hirsch ), may make it easier for LGB people to approximate, or at least sympathize with, the experiences of racial minorities (Eichstedt ; O'Brien ; also see Kleiman, Spanierman, and Smith ) .

Hypothesis 4: White LGB individuals’ greater awareness of homophobic discrimination partially explains their relatively more liberal racial attitudes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a Canadian experimental study with 83 white sexual minority men and 97 white heterosexual men undergraduate students, Kleiman et al. () found that the former group was less likely to endorse “color‐blind” racism (e.g., awareness of racial discrimination and white privilege) and felt greater empathy toward racial minorities than the latter group. Similar to Egan's () work, the authors found that these sexual orientation gaps were indirectly linked to white gay, bisexual, queer, and questioning men's experiences with heterosexist harassment, rejection, and discrimination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual Orientation Differences in Whites’ Racial Attitudes

Grollman

2017

Sociological Forum

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Historical and anecdotal accounts present a contradictory image of predominantly white lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer (LGBTQ) communities in the United States: a unique celebration of racial and other forms of diversity, yet pervasive racial discrimination and exclusion that mirrors racism of the broader society. However, no study to date has compared the racial attitudes of white heterosexual and white LGB Americans. Using nationally representative data from the American National Election Survey 2012 Times Series Study, I investigate the effect of sexual orientation on whites' racial attitudes in the domains of symbolic, color-blind, and old-fashioned racism. Compared to white heterosexuals, white LGB people hold more favorable attitudes toward black people, most notably in the domain of symbolic racism. On average, over 40% of sexual orientation gaps in whites' racial attitudes is explained by white LGB respondents' more liberal political ideology; their greater awareness of homophobic discrimination explains, on average, one-fifth of these sexual orientation gaps. These findings suggest that white LGB racial attitudes must be examined at the intersection of their privileged racial and disadvantaged sexual identities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothesis 4: White LGB individuals’ greater awareness of homophobic discrimination partially explains their relatively more liberal racial attitudes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual Orientation Differences in Whites’ Racial Attitudes

Grollman

2017

Sociological Forum

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“…The luxury of not acknowledging privilege is similar to the tenets of racial colorblindness where one is unwilling to see race by engaging in power and color evasion (Ferber, 2012;Neville et al, 2014;Johnson, 2006). Research has proposed that adoption of racial color-blindness may evolve from a lack of privilege awareness (Kleinman, Spanierman, & Smith, 2015;Tarca, 2005). While racial color-blindness seems to be perpetuated by an inability to acknowledge the ways in which privileges permeate society, the acknowledgement of privilege may allow individuals to increase advocacy for disenfranchised groups.…”

Section: Privilege Awarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Color-Blindness and Privilege Awareness in Relation to Interest in Social Justice among College Students

Garrett‐Walker¹,

Poole²,

Williams³

et al. 2019

jcscore

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An online survey examining racial color-blindness, privilege awareness, and social justice was administered to a sample of 381 college students (Mage = 20.53, SD = 4.35). Using multiple regression, increases in heterosexual and class privilege awareness predicted increases in student interest in social justice while increased levels of racial color-blindness predicted decreases in student interest in social justice. These findings suggest that racial color-blindness may serve as a barrier to engagement in social justice while heterosexual and class privilege awareness may buffer the aforementioned barrier. Professors and university administration should consider ways in which they infuse conversations around diversity, privilege, and racial color-blindness into their curriculum.

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Examining awareness of privilege among midwestern college students: An analysis of race/ethnicity, gender, and religion

Todd

Blevins

et al. 2022

American J of Comm Psychol

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Dominant group members often are not aware of the privileges they benefit from due to their dominant group membership. Yet individuals are members of multiple groups and may simultaneously occupy multiple categories of dominance and marginality, raising the question of how different group memberships work in concert to facilitate or inhibit awareness of multiple forms of privilege. Examining awareness of privilege is important as awareness may be linked to action to dismantle systems of privilege that maintain oppression and inequality. Grounded in intersectional scholarship, in this study we examined how occupying intersecting categories of race/ethnicity, gender, and religion corresponded to an awareness of White, male, and Christian privilege. In a sample of 2321 Midwestern college students, we demonstrated that students from marginalized groups broadly reported greater awareness of all forms of privilege than students from dominant groups, and the difference between marginalized and dominant groups was most pronounced when the specific group category (e.g., gender) aligned with the type of privilege (e.g., male privilege). We also tested interactions among race/ethnicity, gender, and religion, only finding an interaction between race/ethnicity and religion for awareness of White and male privilege. These findings helped to clarify that multiple group memberships tended to contribute to awareness as multiple main effects rather than as multiplicative. Finally, we examined mean differences among the eight intersected groups to explore similarities and differences among groups in awareness of all types of privilege. Taken together, these findings quantitatively demonstrate the ways in which group memberships work together to contribute to awareness of multiple forms of privilege. We discuss study limitations and implications for community psychology research and practice.

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Translating oppression: Understanding how sexual minority status is associated with White men’s racial attitudes.

Cited by 38 publications

References 79 publications

Sexual Orientation Differences in Whites’ Racial Attitudes

Sexual Orientation Differences in Whites’ Racial Attitudes

Racial Color-Blindness and Privilege Awareness in Relation to Interest in Social Justice among College Students

Examining awareness of privilege among midwestern college students: An analysis of race/ethnicity, gender, and religion

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