Transforming lignin into porous graphene via direct laser writing for solid-state supercapacitors

Abstract

Direct laser writing transforms alkaline lignin into porous graphene for solid-state supercapacitors with high electrochemical performance.

Biomass-derived porous graphene for electrochemical sensing of dopamine

“…19 Interestingly, the CNF/KL lm gave LIG with less defects as evidenced by relatively suppressed D peaks compared to biomass-/lignin-based LIG reported in prior studies. 10,13,14 Elevating laser power to 80% or above resulted in a decrease in I G /I D ratio, which can be attributed to the partial oxidation of LIG as the lasing was performed at atmosphere under ambient condition. Nevertheless, when laser was applied at an optimal power (i.e., 70%), high quality fewer-layered graphene with a crystalline structure was formed from the CNF/KL lm.…”

“…This is exemplied by lignin that plays a key role in the induction of high-quality graphene from biomass-based substrates. [12][13][14] In contrast to lignin, cellulose as another major biomass constituent is not as readily inducible as lignin for LIG formation. 10,15 Based on prior studies, lignin dispersed in the form of a lm or embedded into a matrix can be more properly and effectively lased.…”

“…10,15 Based on prior studies, lignin dispersed in the form of a lm or embedded into a matrix can be more properly and effectively lased. 10,[12][13][14]16 A synthetic polymer (e.g., PEO, PVA) can be used as a binder for the fabrication of lignin-based lm. 13,14,17 Alternatively, cellulose can also be used as a natural binder for lignin-based lm even if cellulose itself may not directly contribute to LIG formation under a suboptimal condition.…”

“…10,[12][13][14]16 A synthetic polymer (e.g., PEO, PVA) can be used as a binder for the fabrication of lignin-based lm. 13,14,17 Alternatively, cellulose can also be used as a natural binder for lignin-based lm even if cellulose itself may not directly contribute to LIG formation under a suboptimal condition. However, a lm fully based on lignin and nanocellulose has yet to been explored for LIG formation.…”

Lignin-derived 3D porous graphene on carbon cloth for flexible supercapacitors

“…As a result, few researchers start to realize the employment of this technology on producing lignin-derived porous carbon. Yet, according to all related work the lignin has to be performed into lm with the addition of at least one-third of other polymers, [21][22][23][24] and the fabrication of lm causes additional work. Moreover, according to our preliminary studies the as-prepared lm is prone to crack due to the instant-contraction under DLW.…”