Organic and inorganic nutrients are important for crop productivity and soil health. Present study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic manures on maize and their residual impacts on soil physico-chemical characteristics. Sheep manure (SM), poultry manure (PM) and farmyard manure (FYM) were applied as organic nutrient source while urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP) and sulphate of potash (SOP) were used at different concentrations as inorganic nutrients source viz., T 1 : Unfertilized control; T 2 : NPK at 250-150-125 kg ha -1 ; were substantially improved by fertilizer application alongside organic manures whereas soil total organic C and total N, P, K contents increased when inorganic fertilizers were applied alone or in combined with organic manures. However, soil pH and soil bulk density decreased due to application of organic fertilizer and showed a negative correlation with grain yield. Further, a significant and positive correlation (R 2 = 0.52, 0.91 and 0.55) was observed among maize grain yield and available N, P and K contents, respectively in the soil. Conclusively, integration of inorganic fertilizers with organic manures can be used with optimum rates to improve crop productivity on sustainable basis. This study will be helpful in crafting sustainable nutrient management programs in future to enhance crop productivity with high efficiency and minimum nutrient loss.
Porous
graphene was photothermally induced from kraft lignin via
direct laser writing. This laser-induced graphene (LIG) possessed
a hierarchical structure with a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected
network ideal for its transfer from the kraft lignin/poly(ethylene
oxide) (KL/PEO) film onto polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The resultant
LIG/PDMS composite was shown to keep the intrinsic porous structure
and electrically active sites of LIG. The supercapacitors (SCs) fabricated
using the LIG/PDMS composite exhibited good electrochemical performance
and excellent cyclic stability. More than 90% capacitance was retained
after 10 000 cycles. Moreover, due to their high flexibility,
the SCs were able to endure bending deformation without significantly
sacrificing their capacitance. The proposed technology for the fabrication
of flexible SCs based on lignin-derived LIG demonstrated great potential
to use a low-cost, renewable material for the manufacture of portable
and wearable electronics.
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