“…Kennedy's criteria for success include: (i) power and control "vested in community members"; the number of people who have moved "from being an object of planning to being a subject"; (ii) ability of people involved in the planning process to replicate their achievements in other situations" and, (iii) "movement towards realizing values of equity and inclusion" (Kennedy, 1996). These criteria could also be treated as indicators for building political capital (Turner 1999, 21-22).…”
Section: A Measuring Political Capitalmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This paradox yields split views on from where a solution should come. For Kennedy (1996), a group can "empower itself by increasing its ability to achieve its own interests", i.e. the solution is in the hand of the needy.…”
Section: B Reducing Poverty and Other Related Problemsmentioning
“…Kennedy's criteria for success include: (i) power and control "vested in community members"; the number of people who have moved "from being an object of planning to being a subject"; (ii) ability of people involved in the planning process to replicate their achievements in other situations" and, (iii) "movement towards realizing values of equity and inclusion" (Kennedy, 1996). These criteria could also be treated as indicators for building political capital (Turner 1999, 21-22).…”
Section: A Measuring Political Capitalmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This paradox yields split views on from where a solution should come. For Kennedy (1996), a group can "empower itself by increasing its ability to achieve its own interests", i.e. the solution is in the hand of the needy.…”
Section: B Reducing Poverty and Other Related Problemsmentioning
“…SPAN and CSWA rejected the narrow parameters of DCP and CB 7's rezoning study and encouraged a broader planning process for greater equity in agenda setting and transformation in the economic and political power relationships that define neoliberal city planning practices. Nonprofit organizations, specifically worker centers and community activist organizations, focus on transformative populism defined as building capacity and skill in marginalized communities rather than redistributive populism (Kennedy 1996). This Latino-Chinese alliance has developed a set of demands for a more comprehensive approach to neighborhood planning and greater equity in development outcomes by setting realistic income guidelines for mandatory inclusionary housing provisions, by locating underutilized and potential development sites such as the air rights over subway tracks for neighborhood expansion, and by pointing out the limitations of community board representation.…”
Section: Sunset Park: the Politics Of Rezoning And Equitable Developmentmentioning
New York City is the quintessential immigrant gateway, and its transformation to a majority “minority” city is evident in the complex demography of its numerous neighborhoods. Based on detailed case studies of two neighborhoods undergoing significant development pressures that pose a dramatic reshaping of community life, this article examines whether New York City community boards serve as a “pivotal” public arena to mitigate racial tensions and meaningfully engage diverse stakeholders including immigrants in neighborhood planning. The case studies of Sunset Park, Brooklyn and Flushing, Queens demonstrate that community boards do not necessarily engage all stakeholders in meaningful or sustained ways and are limited in advancing race relations in a challenging socioeconomic context. This article substantiates how community-based nonprofit organizations are essential to the institutional landscape of immigrant neighborhoods by engaging multiple publics in community planning.
“…GW was also underpinned by a partnership model that involved trying to get the public, private and voluntary sectors working together and crucially to co-fund projects. The concept of Groundwork centred on transformative engagement with locality, where both people and spaces are in some way "improved" and ties between people and place are strengthened to enhance environmental, social and human capital (Kennedy, 1996;Rydin & Pennington, 2000;Selman, 2001).…”
Section: Groundwork: a Brief Historymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Groundwork conceptual framework invokes ideas of networking and partnership with an emphasis on the processual benefits of community activity, as well as the benefits of physical improvement or otherwise tangible outputs (Kennedy, 1996;Rydin & Pennington, 2000). This approach has been challenging and despite the achievements of GW there have been some difficulties (DETR, 2000).…”
The paper examines the transfer and operation of the UK Groundwork (GW) model in Japan and sets out the development of GW in the UK since the early 1980s.
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