Transcriptional regulation in model organisms: recent progress and clinical implications

Abstract

In this review, we will summarize model organisms used by scientists in the laboratory, including Escherichia coli, yeast, Arabidopsis thaliana, nematodes, Drosophila, zebrafish, mice and other animals. We focus on the progress in research exploring different types of E. coli in the human body, and the specific molecular mechanisms by which they play a role in humans. First, we discuss the specific transcriptional regulation mechanism of E. coli in cell development, maturation, ageing and longevity, as well as tumorigenesis and development. Then, we discuss how the synthesis of some important substances in cells is regulated and how this affects biological behaviour. Understanding and applying these mechanisms, presumably, can greatly improve the quality of people's lives as well as increase their lifespan. For example, some E. coli can activate certain cells by secreting insulin-like growth factor-1, thus activating the inflammatory response of the body, while other E. coli can inactivate the immune response of the body by secreting toxic factors.

mTOR signaling pathway and mTOR inhibitors in cancer: progress and challenges

“…With the development of the mTOR pathway, many scientists have studied the effects of mTOR inhibitors in different tumors [48,[56][57][58]. Because conventional platinum chemotherapy failed to respond to ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC), Caumanns et al [59] conducted drug testing of mtorc1/2 inhibitor AZ D8055 in the OCCC cell lines.…”

The Impact of the Microbiome on Resistance to Cancer Treatment with Chemotherapeutic Agents and Immunotherapy

“…Since numerous chemotherapy-induced side effects significantly impact patient outcomes, the introduction of immunotherapy represents a critical step in cancer treatment, showing a positive effect on the treatment of melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell cancer (RCC), and also hematological malignancies [ 95 ]. Importantly, the therapeutic effect of immunotherapy depends on tumor heterogeneity, environmental factors, and the host immune system [ 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 ], which is in turn connected with genetic background and also with the gut microbial composition ( Figure 2 ).…”

Effect of depression disorder on the efficacy and quality of life of first-line chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy in oncogene-driver negative NSCLC patients

“…The efficacy of tumor chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy is affected by many factors. First, it is related to human immunity, which is closely related to genetics and the body’s microflora ( 24 , 25 ). Second, it is related to tumor cells, intra-tumor heterogeneity of tumor neoantigen, amount of clonal neoantigen, mutation target of tumor cells, and mutation load of tumor significantly affect the therapeutic effect, among which patients with low intra-tumor heterogeneity of tumor neoantigen and high amount of clonal neoantigen have more therapeutic advantages ( 26 ).…”