Traceable calibration of a fibre-coupled superconducting nano-wire single photon detector using characterized synchrotron radiation

Müller, Ingmar; Klein, R.; Werner, Lutz

doi:10.1088/0026-1394/51/6/s329

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Starting with the development of the light source, we discuss a method for calibrating SPDs using synchrotron radiation (SR), as shown in Figure . [ 99 ] The Physikalisch–Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), metrology light source (MLS) is utilized as a source of radiation in the calibration. [ 100 ] The current through the electron storage ring (MLS) is controlled at a single electron level with a maximum current limited to 1 mA and a minimum current of several nA.…”

Section: Calibration Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Calibration Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combined relative standard uncertainty achieved using this method for SNSPD is reported to be 1.9% at a wavelength of 1.55 µm. [ 99 ] Using synchrotron radiation, the combined relative standard uncertainty achieved in calibrating Si‐SPADs is 0.16% and 0.17% at a wavelength of 651 nm. [ 77 ]…”

Section: Calibration Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metrology Perspective of Single‐Photon Detectors: Review on Global Calibration Methods

et al. 2021

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The evolution of quantum standards for SI units and funding support from national governments has led to rapid technological developments in the quantum sciences. With this, new and more powerful quantum optical devices that find applications in several fields are obtained. Single‐photon detectors (SPDs) are considered as a critical element in these emerging technologies. A traceability chain for SPD calibration is required to ensure their performance reliability and quality. Different methods and techniques are being developed worldwide for the calibration of SPDs. In this paper, the developments that have occurred globally in SPD calibration and the uncertainty value achieved until now are summarized along with the scope of possible improvement areas.

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Section: Calibration Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Calibration Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metrology Perspective of Single‐Photon Detectors: Review on Global Calibration Methods

et al. 2021

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“…This is given by Eq. 16 The relative uncertainty in each of these estimates ofn out | j is given by Gaussian error propagation:…”

Section: Estimation Of Uncertaintymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We perform measurements at low photon-numbers, where this detector is capable of differentiating different quantum states based on their photon statistics, and at high pulse energy levels, whereby the same device can be directly compared with a power meter. This provides a traceable comparison at the singlephoton level to optical standards without requiring calibrated attenuation [15] or synchrotron radiation [16,17]. The multiplexed detector architecture we consider comprises a variable beam splitter with one output connected to one input, and the other output connected to a single-photon detector, as shown in Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

A high dynamic range optical detector for measuring single photons and bright light

et al. 2019

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Detecting light is fundamental to all optical experiments and applications. At the single photon level, the quantised nature of light requires specialised detectors, which typically saturate for more than one photon, rendering the measurement of bright light impossible.Saturation can be partially overcome by multiplexing single-photonsensitive detectors, enabling measurement up to tens of photons [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. However, current approaches are still far from bridging the gap to bright light levels. Here, we report on a massively-multiplexed single-photon detector, which exhibits a dynamic range of 123 dB, from optical energies as low as 10 −7 photons per pulse to ∼ 2.5 × 10 5 photons per pulse. This allows us to calibrate a single photon detector directly to a power meter. The use of a single-photon sensitive detector further allows us to characterise the nonclassical features of a variety of quantum states. This device will find application where high dynamic range and single-photon sensitivity are required.Optical detectors are based on a broad range of physical principles, which dictate the range of powers to which they are sensitive. The dynamic range of an optical detector is defined as the difference between its noise floor and saturation intensity. Above the saturation intensity, the detector response is constant, such that different light levels cannot be distinguished. We differentiate saturation from the breakdown intensity of the detector, namely pulse energies above which the detector response is permanently changed (i.e. latched or damaged). For different optical detectors, the saturation intensity and breakdown intensity is determined by its principle of operation. For example, ideal single photon binary ("click, noclick") detectors are saturated when at least one photon is incident. As such, single-photon level detectors cannot be used to measure pulse energies beyond one photon. To overcome this limitation, multiplexing schemes are used to divide an incoming pulse such that the average intensity per multiplexing bin is below the saturation level. Existing multiplexed single-photon detection schemes [1-12] still suffer from saturation effects in that they are not sensitive to photon numbers greater than the number of bins in the multiplexed device [13].In this Letter, we show that we can overcome this saturation limitation, and extend the sensitivity of singlephoton level detectors to 250000 photons per pulse. To do this, we use a detector coupled to a loop of fibre, as first introduced by Banaszek and Walmsley [2]. Below the saturation limit, this detector architecture generates a logarithmic response to the incoming pulse energy [8,14]. However, we show that this device can be pushed beyond its saturation level, and information on the incident pulse energy can still be extracted, limited only by the breakdown level of the click detector. This produces a massively-multiplexed detector with a dynamic range of 123 dB. We perform measurements at low photon-numbers, where this...

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Second-Order Correlation Measurement for Single-Photon Metrology

Bhargav

Wahid

Das

et al. 2023

MAPAN

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Traceable calibration of a fibre-coupled superconducting nano-wire single photon detector using characterized synchrotron radiation

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

Metrology Perspective of Single‐Photon Detectors: Review on Global Calibration Methods

Metrology Perspective of Single‐Photon Detectors: Review on Global Calibration Methods

A high dynamic range optical detector for measuring single photons and bright light

Second-Order Correlation Measurement for Single-Photon Metrology

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