At the BESSY II storage ring, the Physikalisch±Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) will operate insertion devices dedicated to radiometric use. One branch of the appendant beamline system will be equipped with a grazing-incidence monochromator, described here. The monochromator concept is based on a plane grating operated in parallel light; therefore exact focusing is maintained for all photon energies irrespective of the angular setting at the grating. The monochromator has been optimized for small higher-order transmittance and high power throughput, as required by radiometric applications in the wide photon energy range from 20 eV to 1900 eV.
The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) has used the BESSY I 800 MeV electron storage ring as a primary source standard since 1984. The calculable spectral photon flux ΦE of a bending magnet with relative uncertainties of 4 × 10−4 to 4 × 10−3 for the photon energy 1 eV to 15 keV was used in a broad spectral range from the visible to the soft X-ray range for the calibration of radiation sources and energy-dispersive X-ray detectors. In 1998, BESSY II was brought into operation. Owing to its higher electron energy, of 1.7 GeV, the useful spectral range could be extended significantly into the X-ray region up to a photon energy of about 50 keV, while special storage-ring operation at 900 MeV results in a spectrum up to about 7 keV. The PTB has established BESSY II as a European primary source standard from the visible to the X-ray range by setting up equipment for the measurement of all storage-ring parameters and geometrical quantities involved in the calculation of ΦE according to Schwinger. At BESSY II, ΦE from a bending magnet can be calculated with a relative standard uncertainty of 3 × 10−4 for photon energies below 3 keV, rising to 2 × 10−3 at 50 keV.
The Metrology Light Source (MLS), the new electron storage ring of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) located in Berlin, is dedicated to metrology and technological developments in the UV and extreme UV spectral range as well as in the IR and THz region. The MLS can be operated at any electron beam energy between 105 and 630 MeV and at electron beam currents varying from 1 pA (one stored electron) up to 200 mA. Moreover, it is optimized for the generation of coherent synchrotron radiation in the far IR/THz range. Of special interest for PTB is the operation of the MLS as a primary radiation source standard from the near IR up to the soft x-ray region. Therefore, the MLS is equipped with all the instrumentation necessary to measure the storage ring parameters and geometrical parameters needed for the calculation of the spectral photon flux according to the Schwinger theory with low uncertainty.
The Metrology Light Source is a recently constructed 630 MeV electron storage ring, operating as a synchrotron radiation source for the THz to extreme UV spectral range. It is the first storage ring optimized for generating intense, broadband, coherent THz radiation, based on a bunch shortening mode. Stable (''steady state'') or bursting THz radiation up to an average power of about 60 mW can be obtained. The applied machine operation mode is achieved by manipulating the momentum compaction factor by a novel tuning scheme. The underlying low-scheme is of general interest for operating a storage ring in a short bunch mode and is the main subject of this paper.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.