Toxicity of an Oil Dispersant to the Early Life Stages of Four California Marine Species

Singer, Michael M.; Smalheer, Deborah L.; Tjeerdema, Ronald S.; Martin, Michael

doi:10.1897/1552-8618(1990)9[1387:toaodt]2.0.co;2

Cited by 34 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This metric is preferable to some type of integrated concentration-time exposure index, such as ppm-h or ppm-d (cf. Anderson et al 1984), because, based on dispersant application rates, initial concentration can be directly related to predicted field concentrations by regulatory personnel, and because previous data have suggested that integrated exposure indices may not be completely valid in the case of surfactant-based dispersants (Singer et al 1990b).…”

Section: Overall Test Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative toxicity of Corexit� 7664 to the early life stages of four marine species

Singer

George

Jacobson

et al. 1994

Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. The toxicity of the oil dispersing agent Corexit ® 7664 was evaluated using the early life stages of four California marine species: the red abalone (Haliotis rufescens), the topsmelt (Atherinops affinis), a mysid (Holmesimysis costata), and the giant kelp (Macrocystispyrifera). Spiked-exposure, continuous-flow toxicity tests of 48-96 h were performed in triplicate in closed test chambers. Dispersant concentrations were measured by UV spectrophotometry. In terms of median-effect concentration, the order of test sensitivity was Haliotis > Atherinops > Holmesimysis > Macrocystis. NOEC data also showed Haliotis tests to be the most sensitive, with Macrocystis tests having similar values, followed by Atherinops and Holmesimysis tests, respectively. Toxicity of Corexit ® 7664 was compared to that of Corexit ® 9527, and the latter was found to be more toxic to all four species; interspecific rankings were similar for the two agents.At the time of the 1967 Torrey Canyon spill, oil dispersing agents were mainly used to clean tanker holds, bilges, and so forth, and were generally based on aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as kerosene (National Research Council 1989). One of the main realizations to come from the ecological disaster of the Torrey Canyon incident was that these mostly solvent-based spill removers were highly toxic in and of themselves and thus were not acceptable for further use in the environment (Smith 1968). In response, a second generation of dispersants were formulated that relied more heavily on less toxic constituents, such as aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, nonionic surfactants, and water. Corexit ® 7664 was one of the first of these to be marketed.As part of an ongoing evaluation of the toxicity of oil dispersants licensed for use in California, the effects of Corexit ® 7664 on the early life stages of four indigenous nearshore marineCorrespondence to: M. M. Singer species were investigated. The four--the red abalone (Haliotis rufescens), a kelp forest mysid (Holmesimysis costata), the topsmelt (Atherinops affinis), and the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera)--represent a wide taxonomic and trophic range and are economically and/or ecologically important (Singer et al. 1990a). This suite of tests utilizes the early life stages of each of these species. However, the endpoints vary: two are sublethal and two are lethal.Since effective dispersant use at sea is predicated on sufficient environmental mixing energy (in the form of wind, swell), the use of spiked exposures allows for a more realistic modeling of field exposure conditions (Singer et al. 1991).Toxicity testing followed previously established procedures for flow-through, spiked-exposure dispersant testing (Singer et al.

show abstract

Section: Overall Test Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative toxicity of Corexit� 7664 to the early life stages of four marine species

Singer

George

Jacobson

et al. 1994

Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These concentrations are high in comparison with those identified as toxic in other studies. Static exposure studies using the dispersant Corexit 9527 showed that the LC 50 ranged between 14-62 ppm in the early life stages of four fish species (Singer et al 1990(Singer et al , 1991Fucik et al 1995;in George-Ares & Clark 2000). Due to poor survival in the CEWAF treatments it was not possible to identify an LC 50 for CEWAF exposed YTK.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of MVRenaheavy fuel oil and dispersed oil on yellowtail kingfish early life stages

Muncaster

Jacobson

Taiarui

et al. 2016

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The grounding of the MV Rena has highlighted the lack of information concerning the effects of oil-related compounds on New Zealand marine life. Yellowtail kingfish (YTK), Seriola lalandi, embryos were exposed in static incubations to the wateraccommodated fraction (WAF) of Rena heavy fuel oil as well as a similar preparation treated with the commercial dispersant Corexit 9500. Mortality in WAF treatments generally increased in association with total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (tPAH) concentration over a 24-h period. Physical abnormalities were observed in some of the larvae exposed to WAF for 48 h. There was no survival in dispersed oil treatments after 24 h of exposure. These treatments had greater tPAH concentrations (2-53 µgL −1 ) than equivalent WAF dilutions (0.2-1.5 µgL −1 tPAH). Indications are that significant morbidity is induced in YTK at ecologically relevant tPAH concentrations. This highlights the need for further research into oil and dispersant toxicity in New Zealand marine species. ARTICLE HISTORY

show abstract

“…Significantly, the enhanced bioavailability of the oil resulted from the application of chemical dispersants may also lead to an increase in oil toxicity to aquatic organisms. Oil dispersants can cause a range of effects on marine organisms including gill damage (Abel, 1974;Nagell et al, 1974), loss of osmotic stability in gill tissues, and loss of gill cilia (Nuwayhid et al, 1980;Singer et al, 1990). Despite the improvement in the formulation of chemical dispersants from more noxious 'kerosene-based mixtures' to less toxic preparations in recent years (Singer et al, 1990), crucial information on the biological effects of these chemicals on organisms in the receiving environment is still scarce.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oil dispersants can cause a range of effects on marine organisms including gill damage (Abel, 1974;Nagell et al, 1974), loss of osmotic stability in gill tissues, and loss of gill cilia (Nuwayhid et al, 1980;Singer et al, 1990). Despite the improvement in the formulation of chemical dispersants from more noxious 'kerosene-based mixtures' to less toxic preparations in recent years (Singer et al, 1990), crucial information on the biological effects of these chemicals on organisms in the receiving environment is still scarce. Despite research efforts into the potential environmental impact of oil-dispersant mixtures during the past 40 years (see reviews by Lewis (1990Lewis ( , 1991Lewis ( , 1992), general information gaps still exist in certain key areas, for example, the fate and effects of oil and dispersants in the tropical region as well as the Arctic (Sprague et al, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of two oil dispersants on phototaxis and swimming behaviour of barnacle larvae

Lam

Zhou

1997

Asia-Pacific Conference on Science and Management of Coastal Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effects of two oil dispersants (Vecom B-1425 GL and Norchem OSD-570) mixed with diesel oil on the survival and behaviour of the stage II nauplii of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite were investigated. The 24 and 48-hour LC 50 values for Vecom B-1425 GL:diesel mixture were 514 and 48 mg l 1 respectively, while respective values for Norchem OSD-570:diesel mixture were 505 and 71 mg l 1 . Under sublethal concentrations, increased levels of the dispersant:diesel mixtures caused a reduction in phototactic responses. Balanus amphitrite nauplii failed to exhibit phototactic responses when exposed to Vecom B-1425 GL:diesel mixtures of 400 mg l 1 and higher for 24 hours. A longer exposure time of 48 hours further reduced the Lowest Observable Effect Concentrations (LOECs) to 60 mg l 1 . The LOECs for Norchem OSD-570:diesel mixtures under exposure periods of 24 and 48 hours were 400 and 80 mg l 1 respectively. The curvilinear velocities (VCL) and straight-line velocities (VSL) of the stage II nauplii ranged from 0.7-1.1 and 0.2-0.4 mm s 1 respectively. Increased concentrations of dispersant:diesel mixtures caused a significant change in the curvilinear and straight-line velocities. Both oil dispersants, dispersant:diesel mixtures of 20 to 40 mg l 1 caused significant increases in VCL, but no significant change in VSL. Dispersant:diesel mixtures of 100 mg l 1 and higher resulted in a reduction in VSL for both dispersants.

show abstract

Toxicity of an Oil Dispersant to the Early Life Stages of Four California Marine Species

Cited by 34 publications

References 11 publications

Comparative toxicity of Corexit� 7664 to the early life stages of four marine species

Comparative toxicity of Corexit� 7664 to the early life stages of four marine species

Effects of MVRenaheavy fuel oil and dispersed oil on yellowtail kingfish early life stages

Effects of two oil dispersants on phototaxis and swimming behaviour of barnacle larvae

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About