Three new Chrysanthemum ·hybrida, garden chrysanthemum cultivars: Red Daisy, White Daisy, and Coral Daisy, are the first in the Mammoth TM series that are advanced interspecific hybrids derived from an open-pollinated cross between hexaploid C. weyrichii (Maxim.) Tzvelv. · C. ·grandiflora Tzvelv. These cultivars are backcross or inbred derivatives of the original interspecific F 1 hybrids. All three cultivars are U.S. Department of Agriculture Z3b (-34.4 8C to -37.2 8C) winter-hardy herbaceous perennials exhibiting a shrub habit with the cushion phenotype. Additional traits exhibited by these three cultivars are butterfly attractants, frost tolerance of the flowers, and genetic 'self-pinching.' These Mammoth TM cultivars are clonally propagated, virus indexed, protected by U.S. Plant Patents and Canadian Plant Breeder's Rights, and are available from the North American exclusive licensee Ball Seed Company.Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum ·grandiflora Ramat.; =Dendranthema · grandiflora Tzvelv.) are popular cut flowers, potted flowering plants, and perennial garden favorites worldwide with thousands of cultivars available (Anderson, 2006). Garden chrysanthemums are the number one herbaceous perennial in the United States, with a wholesale farmgate value of $141.845 million in (U.S. Dept. Agr, 2006. Numerous factors contribute to the long-term popularity of garden chrysanthemums, including fall flowering (most cultivars are obligate shortday plants), a wide range of flower types and colors, distinct plant habits (upright, cushion, groundcover), and winter hardiness (particularly for northern gardeners

The acute effects of both untreated and dispersant-treated Prudhoe Bay crude oil on the early life-stages of three marine species were investigated. Identification of which water-accommodated fraction (undispersed or chemically dispersed) was considered "more toxic" was dependent on species, time, and endpoint (and by inference, test protocol). Generally, the data showed that at roughly equivalent hydrocarbon concentrations untreated oil solutions resulted in higher initial effects (< 1 h) in mysid and topsmelt tests, whereas dispersed oil solutions elicited higher levels of larval abnormality in abalone tests and higher levels of mortality in mysid tests. While differences in test protocols existed among the species tested, topsmelt were the most sensitive species to untreated oil solutions, with mysids being most sensitive to dispersed oil solutions.

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Abstract. The toxicity of the oil dispersing agent Corexit ® 7664 was evaluated using the early life stages of four California marine species: the red abalone (Haliotis rufescens), the topsmelt (Atherinops affinis), a mysid (Holmesimysis costata), and the giant kelp (Macrocystispyrifera). Spiked-exposure, continuous-flow toxicity tests of 48-96 h were performed in triplicate in closed test chambers. Dispersant concentrations were measured by UV spectrophotometry. In terms of median-effect concentration, the order of test sensitivity was Haliotis > Atherinops > Holmesimysis > Macrocystis. NOEC data also showed Haliotis tests to be the most sensitive, with Macrocystis tests having similar values, followed by Atherinops and Holmesimysis tests, respectively. Toxicity of Corexit ® 7664 was compared to that of Corexit ® 9527, and the latter was found to be more toxic to all four species; interspecific rankings were similar for the two agents.At the time of the 1967 Torrey Canyon spill, oil dispersing agents were mainly used to clean tanker holds, bilges, and so forth, and were generally based on aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as kerosene (National Research Council 1989). One of the main realizations to come from the ecological disaster of the Torrey Canyon incident was that these mostly solvent-based spill removers were highly toxic in and of themselves and thus were not acceptable for further use in the environment (Smith 1968). In response, a second generation of dispersants were formulated that relied more heavily on less toxic constituents, such as aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, nonionic surfactants, and water. Corexit ® 7664 was one of the first of these to be marketed.As part of an ongoing evaluation of the toxicity of oil dispersants licensed for use in California, the effects of Corexit ® 7664 on the early life stages of four indigenous nearshore marineCorrespondence to: M. M. Singer species were investigated. The four--the red abalone (Haliotis rufescens), a kelp forest mysid (Holmesimysis costata), the topsmelt (Atherinops affinis), and the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera)--represent a wide taxonomic and trophic range and are economically and/or ecologically important (Singer et al. 1990a). This suite of tests utilizes the early life stages of each of these species. However, the endpoints vary: two are sublethal and two are lethal.Since effective dispersant use at sea is predicated on sufficient environmental mixing energy (in the form of wind, swell), the use of spiked exposures allows for a more realistic modeling of field exposure conditions (Singer et al. 1991).Toxicity testing followed previously established procedures for flow-through, spiked-exposure dispersant testing (Singer et al.