Toxicity and Tolerance in the Responses of Plants to Metals

Woolhouse, H. W.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-68153-0_8

Cited by 300 publications

(226 citation statements)

References 218 publications

(189 reference statements)

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“…In the Soil 1, with numerous physiological functions in plants, but, for the expression of visual symptoms, its involvement in chloroplast formation and porphyrin synthesis are the most important processes (Romheld, 2001). One explanation for excess Zn causing Fe deficiency is that the ionic radii of zinc and iron happen to be nearly identical (Woolhouse, 1983;Romheld, 2001). In this work, the visual symptoms observed (Figure 1 and 3) (Siedlecka & Krupa, 1999;Tran & Popova, 2013).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy metal toxicity in rice and soybean plants cultivated in contaminated soil

2014

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RESUMO Toxicidade por metais pesados em plantas de arroz e soja cultivados em solo contaminadoOs metais pesados podem-se acumular no solo, causando fitotoxicidade em plantas, apresentando alguns sintomas específicos. Por esta razão, este estudo avaliou os sintomas específicos, em plantas de arroz e de soja, causados por excesso de metais pesados no solo. As plantas de arroz e de soja foram cultivadas em vasos, contendo solos com diferentes quantidades de metais pesados. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, utilizando-se duas culturas e sete amostras de solos com diferentes níveis de contaminação. As plantas de arroz e de soja exibiram diferentes respostas às elevadas concentrações desses metais no solo. Por exemplo, altas concentrações de Zn disponível no solo causaram fitotoxicidade no arroz e na soja, principalmente cloroses e inibição do crescimento das plantas. As plantas de arroz acumularam maiores teores de Cu, Mn, Pb e Zn e foram mais sensíveis às concentrações elevadas desses elementos no solo, absorvendo-os mais facilmente do que as plantas de soja. Além disso, altas concentrações de Zn no solo reduziram a concentração de Fe na parte aérea das plantas de soja e de arroz para níveis considerados deficientes.Palavras-chave: contaminação, nutrição de plantas, sintomatologia, metal pesado, Oriza sativa L., Glycine max L.1 Engenheira-Agrônoma. Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá, 3, Vila Carli, 85040-080, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brasil. mlsousi@hotmail.com (autora para correspondência). 2 Engenheiro-Agrônomo. Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Caixa Postal 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil. gcvitti@usp.br 3 Químico. Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá, 3, Vila Carli, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brasil. aanrt@hotmail.com Heavy metal toxicity in rice and soybean plants cultivated in contaminated soilHeavy metals can accumulate in soil and cause phytotoxicity in plants with some specific symptoms. The present study evaluated the specific symptoms on rice and soybeans plants caused by excess of heavy metals in soil. Rice and soybean were grown in pots containing soil with different levels of heavy metals. A completely randomized design was used, with four replications, using two crop species and seven sample soils with different contamination levels. Rice and soybean exhibited different responses to the high concentrations of heavy metals in the soil. Rice plants accumulated higher Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn concentrations and were more sensitive to high concentrations of these elements in the soil, absorbing them more easily compared to the soybean plants. However, high available Zn concentrations in the soil caused phytotoxicity symptoms in rice and soybean, mainly chlorosis and inhibited plant growth. Further, high Zn concentrations in the soil reduced the Fe concentrat...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy metal toxicity in rice and soybean plants cultivated in contaminated soil

2014

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“…97 mg kg -1 , considerada adequada para o crescimento dessa espécie (Dell et al, 1995). Segundo Woolhouse (1983), o antagonismo entre Zn e Fe é resultante da semelhança dos raios iônicos desses elementos (0,083 nm). Em Glycine max L., a maior e menor produção da parte aérea, em resposta à toxidez de Zn, foi coincidente com a maior e menor concentração de Fe (Fontes & Cox, 1998a), tal como verificado na parte aérea do eucalipto.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…De maneira geral, os sintomas de toxidez de Zn em plantas são caracterizados por redução no crescimento e clorose de folhas, semelhantemente à deficiên-cia de Fe (Fontes & Cox, 1998a). Não se sabe a causa da deficiência induzida de Fe provocada pelo excesso de Zn, mas a similaridade entre o raio iônico desses elementos tem sido apontada como mecanismo deste fenômeno (Woolhouse, 1983). Os níveis críticos de toxidez de Zn em solução nutritiva e no tecido vegetal têm sido determinados em estudos com espécies herbáceas acumuladoras de metais (Shaw, 1989;Pollard & Baker, 1997), algumas espécies arbóreas de clima temperado (Baker, 1981) e arbóreas dos trópicos (Marques et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Toxidez de zinco no crescimento e nutrição de Eucalyptus maculata e Eucalyptus urophylla em solução nutritiva

Soares

Grazziotti

Siqueira

et al. 2001

Pesq. agropec. bras.

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Resumo -O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses excessivas de Zn no crescimento e nutrição do eucalipto, em casa de vegetação. Mudas de Eucalyptus maculata e Eucalyptus urophylla foram crescidas em vasos contendo 2 L de solução nutritiva de Clark, adicionando-se doses crescentes de Zn: 0, 400, 800, 1.200 e 1.600 µM fornecidas como ZnSO 4 . Após cinco semanas, as plantas exibiram clorose internerval, escurecimento das raízes e inibição do crescimento, mesmo nas doses mais baixas do metal. A dose crítica de Zn na solução (para redução de 10% na matéria seca da parte aérea) em E. maculata foi de 170,3 µM, e em E. urophylla, 73,0 µM. Os níveis críticos de toxidez de Zn na planta foram de 853 mg kg -1 em E. maculata, e 697,8 mg kg -1 em E. urophylla. Esses resultados indicam que E. maculata é mais tolerante ao Zn do que E. urophylla. Altas doses de Zn reduziram as concentrações de Fe e Ca na matéria seca da parte aérea a níveis considerados deficientes para o crescimento das duas espécies. A translocação de Fe das raízes para a parte aérea foi reduzida, independentemente da espécie, de 21% no controle para apenas 2% em 1.600 µM de Zn, indicando forte relação entre a queda na produção de matéria seca e a ocorrência da deficiência induzida de Fe nas plantas.Termos para indexação: eucalipto, nutrição das plantas, oligoelementos, metais pesados. Zinc toxicity on growth and nutrition of Eucalyptus maculata and Eucalyptus urophylla in nutrient solutionAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of excessive doses of Zn on growth and nutrition of eucalyptus in a greenhouse experiment. Seedlings of Eucalyptus maculata and Eucalyptus urophylla were grown in pots containing 2 L of Clark's nutrient solution, adding increasing levels of Zn, in µM: 0, 400, 800, 1,200 and 1,600 supplied as ZnSO 4 . After five weeks, plants exhibited internerval chlorosis, dark roots and growth inhibition, even in lower metal levels. The critical metal dose in the solution, for 10% reduction of shoot dry matter, was 170.3 µM and 73.0 µM in E. maculata and E. urophylla, respectively. The plant critical toxicity levels were 853 mg kg -1 in E. maculata and 697.8 mg kg -1 in E. urophylla. These results indicate that E. maculata is more tolerant to Zn than E. urophylla. High levels of Zn reduced concentrations of Fe and Ca in shoot dry matter to levels considered deficient for the growth of both species. Translocation of Fe from roots to shoots was also reduced, independently of the species, of 21% in control to 2% in 1,600 µM Zn, indicating strong relationship among dry matter reduction and induced Fe-deficiency in plants.

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“…(14). Although intriguing, this model has been questioned because of a lack of direct evidence concerning compartmentation and the nature of ion species in plant vacuoles (30). The Mathys model has apparently not been tested for Cd accumulation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies suggest that heavy metals accumulated in the higher plant are mainly compartmentalized in the vacuole (5,7,9,27). Various mechanisms have been proposed to account for the accumulation of these potentially toxic heavy metal ions in the plant vacuole (18,30). In general, these mechanisms include formation of soluble metal-organic acid complexes (4,9,14) or metal-phytate (25,26), formation ofmetalpeptide or metal-peptide-sulfide complexes (9,18,27), or precipitation of metal-sulfides (2,21,25).…”

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confidence: 99%

Computer-Simulated Evaluation of Possible Mechanisms for Quenching Heavy Metal Ion Activity in Plant Vacuoles

Wang¹,

Evangelou²,

Nielsen³

et al. 1991

Plant Physiol.

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Various mechanisms have been suggested for the quenching of Cd ion activity in plant vacuoles. These include solution complexation with organic acids and sulfhydryl-containing peptides and precipitation as sulfides. Because direct experimental support for these mechanisms is lacking and difficult to obtain, we have used a computer model to evaluate the quenching role of possible organic and inorganic ligands of tobacco cultured cells exposed to Cd. Results of this thermodynamic evaluation, which assumes that a chemical equilibrium state is met in the vacuole, support the conclusion that sulfhydryl-containing peptides and certain organic acids may form soluble Cd complexes. Although complexation of malate and oxalate with Cd is predicted to be less significant, citrate in the concentration range encountered in the tobacco cultured cell vacuoles has high potential for forming soluble complexes with Cd over the entire possible vacuolar pH range, especially 4.3 to 7.0, even in the presence of low levels of Cd-binding peptides. In addition, results show that inorganic chloride, sulfide (if present), and phosphate may also act to sequester Cd ion activity in the vacuole by forming soluble Cd-Cl and insoluble CdS and Cd-phosphate.Understanding the fate ofCd in plants is of interest because of concerns of Cd transfer from plants to animals and man. Recent studies suggest that heavy metals accumulated in the higher plant are mainly compartmentalized in the vacuole (5, 7, 9, 27). Various mechanisms have been proposed to account for the accumulation of these potentially toxic heavy metal ions in the plant vacuole (18,30). In general, these mechanisms include formation of soluble metal-organic acid complexes (4, 9, 14) or metal-phytate (25, 26), formation ofmetalpeptide or metal-peptide-sulfide complexes (9, 18, 27), or precipitation of metal-sulfides (2,21,25).Support for a particular mechanism of accumulation/sequestration of an ion is gained if the compartment of accumulation/sequestration is verified and if speciation of the ion in that compartment is determined. Both direct and indirect approaches (10) used to determine compartmentation ofions, including heavy metals, can only provide qualitative and quantitative estimates of vacuole contents (28). They cannot identify the species of ion complexes occurring in vacuoles. Therefore, mechanisms proposed on the basis of compartmentation analysis alone are not sufficient to argue the validity of a mechanism of accumulation/sequestration. However, it is possible with computer assistance to simulate the ion species distribution in the plant vacuole and thus to evaluate a proposed mechanism.Computer calculations have been used to model the chemistry of xylem sap of soybean and tomato (29). Here, we use data obtained previously regarding sap composition of vacuoles from Cd-treated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cultured cells and the GEOCHEM-PC computer model (16,23) to predict ion species of these vacuoles in vivo. The prediction of ion speciation in vacuoles of Zn-treate...

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Toxicity and Tolerance in the Responses of Plants to Metals

Cited by 300 publications

References 218 publications

Heavy metal toxicity in rice and soybean plants cultivated in contaminated soil

Heavy metal toxicity in rice and soybean plants cultivated in contaminated soil

Toxidez de zinco no crescimento e nutrição de Eucalyptus maculata e Eucalyptus urophylla em solução nutritiva

Computer-Simulated Evaluation of Possible Mechanisms for Quenching Heavy Metal Ion Activity in Plant Vacuoles

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