Toxic Effects, at Three pH Levels, of Two Reference Molecules on Common Carp Embryo

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish tissues of a freshwater lake of Bhopal

“…In an aquatic environment, metal toxicity can be influenced by various abiotic environmental factors such as oxygen, hardness (Ghillebaert et al 1995), pH, alkalinity and temperature (Adhikari et al 2006). In fishes, apart from the environmental factors, it is also affected by the length and weight of fishes (Nsikak et al 2007) and the time of exposure to metals (Haffor and Al-Ayed 2003).…”

Lethal Effects of Mexel 432, an Antifouling Agent, on Embryolarval Development of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpioL.)

“…In every test, pH, oxygen concentration, and temperature, measured before the daily renewal of the incubation medium, remained compatible with normal embryolarval development (Reznicenko, 1976, Ghillebaert et al, 1995.…”

“…In a thermocontrolled room at 24°C, artificial fertilization and incubation were performed according to Ghillebaert et al (1995): about 50 oocytes were dispersed with 10 l of sperm, in 20 ml of the tested solution, on the bottom of the incubators. About 20 min after fertilization, the excess sperm were washed out with the test solution, and the fertilized oocytes, which had stuck to the bottom of the incubators, were covered with the same solution.…”

Combined effects of water pH and alkalinity on the accumulation of lead, cadmium and chromium to Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

“…In an aquatic environment metal toxicity can be influenced by various abiotic environmental factors such as oxygen, calcium/ water hardness (Skidmore, 1964;Cairns andMount, 1990 andGhillebaert et al, 1995), pH, and temperature (Cairns andMount, 1990 andKotze et al, 1999). Other factors that can play a role are organic matter (Ghillebaert et al, 1995), carbon dioxide (Skidmore, 1964), metabolic activity, biological half-life of the metal (Kargin and Cogun, 1999), suspended total organic carbon (TOC) (Cairns and Mount, 1990), interactions between pollutants, developmental stage of the organisms, and introspecific variations in susceptibility to metals (Hellawell, 1986;seymore, 1994 andNussey, 1998). These factors determine metal chemical speciation and eventually the bioavailability to aquatic organisms (Abel, 1989;Welsh et al, 1993;Seymore, 1994 andWade et al, 1995), having direct and simultaneous and/or interactive effects on living organisms (Ghillebaert et al, 1995).…”

“…Other factors that can play a role are organic matter (Ghillebaert et al, 1995), carbon dioxide (Skidmore, 1964), metabolic activity, biological half-life of the metal (Kargin and Cogun, 1999), suspended total organic carbon (TOC) (Cairns and Mount, 1990), interactions between pollutants, developmental stage of the organisms, and introspecific variations in susceptibility to metals (Hellawell, 1986;seymore, 1994 andNussey, 1998). These factors determine metal chemical speciation and eventually the bioavailability to aquatic organisms (Abel, 1989;Welsh et al, 1993;Seymore, 1994 andWade et al, 1995), having direct and simultaneous and/or interactive effects on living organisms (Ghillebaert et al, 1995). Metals are naturally found in aquatic ecosystems by a wide range of natural and anthropogenic sources (Wepener et al, 2001) and with anthropogenic being either domestic or industrial (Biney et al, 1994).…”