Contamination of heavy metals, namely, lead, cadmium, zinc, nickel, copper, chromium and mercury was evaluated in the samples of water and tissues of Labeo rohita and Ctenopharyngodon idella of Upper Lake of Bhopal collected during summer, rainy and winter seasons of 2005-2006. Different organs of the fishes accumulated varying quantities of different heavy metals. In L. rohita, accumulation of heavy metals was in the sequence liver>kidney>gills>muscles, and in C. idella, it was gills>liver>kidney>muscles. Zn was the highest accumulating metal in fish, whilst Hg was the lowest and was well corroborated with those of water. The values of heavy metals were so far well within the maximum permissible standard value of heavy metals for drinking water and for fish culture as prescribed by various national and international agencies.

Heavy metal pollution of fresh water is the single most important environmental threat to the future. Upper Lake is a freshwater lake, which is the major source of drinking water in the city of Bhopal, the capital city of M.P., the central province of India, but due to anthropogenic activities this lake is being polluted. During the investigation heavy metals and physicochemical parameters were analyzed to determine the water quality seasonally in the year of 2006 and 2007. All the physicochemical parameters except DO (6.50-6.97 mg l⁻¹), Free CO₂ (0.8-1.6 mg l⁻¹) and BOD (5.47-6.85 mg l⁻¹) were below the prescribed limit as recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking water standards. In case of heavy metals, Ni (0.173-0.253 mg l⁻¹) and Cr (0.047-0.087 mg l⁻¹) were found beyond the prescribed limits (0.02 and 0.05 mg l⁻¹, respectively), whereas Pb (0.057-0.087 mg l⁻¹), Cu (0.016-0.020 mg l⁻¹) and Hg (0.0006-0.0011 mg l⁻¹) were within the safe limit. This study reveals that water of upper lake is partially polluted with heavy metals. It is recommended that strict vigilance and constant monitoring are needed to maintain water quality of the lake, which is a major source of potable water for the Bhopal city.

Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of therapeutic and high doses of florfenicol on kidney and liver functional indicators in goat species.Materials and Methods:Six mature, healthy goats (combine breed and sex) with average weight 25 kg were selected for this study. The therapeutic (20 mg/kg b.w.) and high doses (40 and 60 mg) of florfenicol were administered for 3 days with 24 h interval. Blood samples were collected at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h following the each administered dose.Results:The results showed that the therapeutic dose of florfenicol produced nonsignificant effect on serum urea, creatinine, total protein (TP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and bilirubin on all timings, and increased (p<0.05) the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels for 48 h. Whereas the high doses of florfenicol (40 and 60 mg) significantly altered the kidney and liver functional indicators in the blood. In contrast with control, the serum urea level was (p<0.01) increased at all timing points. Creatinine values were altered (p<0.01, <0.05) in increasing manner from 24 to 96 h. The high dose of 40 mg decreased the TP (p<0.05) for 72 h and 60 mg persisted same effect (p<0.01) up to 120 h. The indices of ALP, GGT, SGOT, and SGPT were raised (p<0.01, <0.05) at all timings. The bilirubin indexes also (p<0.05) elevated from 48 to 72.Conclusion:It was concluded that the high doses of florfenicol produced reversible dose-dependent effects on functional indicators of kidney and liver such as urea, creatinine, TP, ALP, SGOT, SGPT, GGT, and bilirubin.

In the present study, the growth and survival of early life stages (ELS) of Chitala chitala were studied in nylon hapa for 28 days, followed by rearing in fibreglass reinforcement plastic (FRP) tanks for a period of 30 days. Ten‐day‐old ELS of C. chitala reared in hapa were fed with three different diets namely Indian Major Carp (IMC) spawn (<8 mm), live tubifex and fresh fish eggs. In the second phase, 28‐day‐old ELS were stocked in 200‐lit FRP tank and supplied four different live diets namely live tubifex worm, chironomous larvae, zooplanktons and mosquito larvae. Fish accepted all types of diets in the experimental rearing period in both the systems. The experiments conducted in hapa showed a higher specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain per cent and survival rate in larvae fed with live tubifex (SGR=1.76±0.02) than fish eggs (0.77±0.31) and IMC spawn (0.46±0.12). The study carried out in FRP tanks revealed that SGR was higher in ELS fed on chironomous larvae (4.44±0.61), followed by mosquito larvae (3.29±0.40) and live tubifex (3.28±0.36), whereas minimum SGR was recorded with zooplanktons (2.84±0.66). A significant difference (P<0.05) in SGR, final mean weight and weight gain (%) was also recorded. The highest mean survival rate (100%) of ELS in an FRP tank was observed in chironomous larvae and zooplanktons, whereas with live tubifex and mosquito larvae the same survival rate (80%) was recorded. The rate of survival of the ELS reared in hapa varied from 65% to 85%. The experiments showed that ELS of C. chitala could be reared successfully in hapas and fibreglass reinforcement tanks for attaining better survivability and growth.

In this study, the clinical progression of experimental infection of llamas (Lama glama) with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis is described. The onset and characterization of neurologic deficits and changes in the hematology, serum biochemical, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in affected llamas are compared before and after appearance of clinical signs. Sixteen apparently healthy, male llamas (median age; 12 months) were used. Five llamas were maintained as uninfected controls, and five, three, and three llamas were orally inoculated with five, ten, and 25 third-stage larvae (L3) of P. tenuis, respectively. The onset, degree, and characterization of neurologic deficits were recorded. Hematology, serum biochemistry, and CSF were analyzed before exposure (Pre) and after neurologic signs appeared (Post). Necropsy and worm recovery from the central nervous system (CNS) were also carried out to confirm infection. Exposure of llamas to 25 L3 of P. tenuis orally resulted in consistent infection and development of disease. Overall, ten of the 11 animals exposed to P. tenuis L3 developed varying degrees of neurologic signs between 45 and 82 days post-exposure (dpe). P. tenuis was recovered from the CNS of seven of the 11 exposed llamas. Neurologic signs progressed from ataxia to paresis, and eventually paralysis. In the hematologic and serum biochemical analyses, only eosinophil count was significantly elevated in the post-exposure samples in the infected groups. Protein was significantly elevated and Pandy test was positive in CSF of infected llamas. This study comprehensively describes the clinical progression of P. tenuis infection in llamas that will prove helpful in future studies to investigate the possibilities of developing antemortem diagnostic tests and new therapeutic programs.