Towards holistic charging management for urban electric taxi via a hybrid deployment of battery charging and swap stations

Abstract

While previous studies focused on managing charging demand for private electric vehicles (EVs), we investigate ways of supporting the upgrade of an entire public urban electric taxi (ET) system. Concerning the coexistence of plugin charging stations (CSs) and battery swap stations (BSSs) in practice, it thus requires further efforts to design a holistic charging management especially for ETs. By jointly considering the combination of plug-in charging and battery swapping, a hybrid charging management framework is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme is capable of guiding ETs to appropriate stations with time-varying requirements depending on how emergent the demand will be. Through the selection of battery charging/swap, the optimization goal is to reduce the trip delay of ET. Results under a Helsinki city scenario with realistic ETs and charging stations show the effectiveness of our enabling technology, in terms of minimized drivers' trip duration, as well as charging performance gains at the ET and station sides.

A Survey of Battery Swapping Stations for Electric Vehicles: Operation Modes and Decision Scenarios

“…Here, how long drivers need to wait for swapping/charging and how much drivers need to pay are the two main concerns for building the BSS service policy. Hence, many researchers have proposed service policy BSS models in terms of queuing theory [57]- [59], pricing policy [59]- [61] and service framework establishment [26], [62], [63], as shown in Table II.…”

“…If the locations and sizes of BSSs are deployed in a region, when an EV requests a swap, the BSS operator assigns a target station at which the driver can swap his/her battery, defined as a BSS dispatching problem in the literature [63],…”

“…1) Dispatching: The basic operation system of the EV dispatching problem selects an optimal BSS from candidate BSSs with several objectives, e.g., maximizing the operation revenue [70], [72]- [74], minimizing the waiting/traveling/delay time [63], [71], [74], and minimizing the traveling distance [72], [73].…”

“…Multiple options, including AC level 2 charging, DC fast charging, and battery swapping facilities, are deployed at the integrated charging stations. The authors in [26] also investigate another holistic management framework for a public electric taxi system with multiple BSSs and BCSs [63]. The decision guides the taxis to an appropriate station given time-varying requirements and uncertain demand.…”

A Comprehensive Review on Developments in Electric Vehicle Charging Station Infrastructure and Present Scenario of India

“…The sole purpose of this management system is to minimize the charging waiting time and drivers' trip duration, and also, maximize the charging performance gains for the station. Zhang et al [72] proposed a hybrid charging management framework for electric taxis, which includes both battery swapping and plug-in charging stations. The proposed work provides an optimal choice between battery charging station and battery swapping station that is made based on time-varying requirements.…”