A Survey of Battery Swapping Stations for Electric Vehicles: Operation Modes and Decision Scenarios

Abstract

The population of electric vehicles (EVs) has grown rapidly over the past decade due to the development of EV technologies, battery materials, charger facilities, and public charging services. Many governments have implemented plans to ban fossil fuel vehicles considering the significance of EVs in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, due to the battery material characteristics and charger power limitations, the EV charging process requires more time than is needed to fill a non-EV with fuel at a gasoline station, causing drivers to experience range anxiety and impeding the promotion of EVs. Hence, the battery swapping station (BSS) model has been proposed as an alternative method. Recently, researchers have studied the BSS approach by proposing various operation systems and optimization methods, and BSS service operators have successfully implemented swapping at commercial and private stations. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art BSS literature and business models, where the BSS offers a recharged battery to an incoming EV with a low state-of-charge. First, four operation modes are presented: a single BSS, multiple BSSs, an integrated BSS and battery charging station (BCS), and multiple BSSs and BCSs. Then, the BSS decision scenarios are surveyed in relation to five operational areas, i.e., charging schedule, service policy, construction and planning, dispatching and routing, and power management, where the scenarios are compared in terms of the BSS mode, decision maker, EV category, number of battery types, vehicle to grid, and focus and objective. Finally, the survey concludes with a discussion of several future research directions for EV BSSs.

Impact of plug-in electric vehicles on grid integration with distributed energy resources: A review

“…Non-etheless, EV drivers face range anxiety since charging takes longer than filling a non-EV with petrol at a petrol station. This delays the widespread adoption of EVs and directly results from battery chemistry, charger limitations, and power consumption requirements Wu, (2021). As a result, the BSS model of battery exchange has been presented.…”

“…During the BCS mode, EV drivers connect their vehicles to the charging connector and let the batteries recharge over a long time. While in BSS mode, electric vehicle drivers will discharge the spent, then swap it out with one that has been fully charged, which will take less time Wu, (2022). Figure 6 represents battery swaping system.…”

Battery Swapping Stations- A Viable Option for Faster Adoption of EVs in India

“…BSS along with day-ahead dynamic scheduling of EV battering charging could help the owners get a profit margin of more than 25%. A flexible decision structure for BSS is needed including the BSS operation time and intelligent control system for V2G and G2V operations [10][11][12][13][14] .…”

Green Vehicle Routing Problem: State of the Art and Future Directions

“…In other studies, such as [74], the authors developed robust optimization models that aid the planning process for deploying battery-swapping infrastructure. Also, Wu [75] reviewed the state-of-the-art battery swapping station (BSS) literature and business models, where the BSS offers a recharged battery to an incoming EV with a low state-of-charge. First, four operation modes are presented i.e., a single BSS, multiple BSSs, an integrated BSS and battery charging station (BCS), and multiple BSSs and BCSs.…”