Towards a large-scale integration of renewable energies in Morocco

Boulakhbar, M.; Lebrouhi, Badr Eddine; Kousksou, T.; Smouh, S.; Jamil, A.; Maâroufi, Mohamed; Zazi, Malika

doi:10.1016/j.est.2020.101806

Cited by 73 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(98 reference statements)

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“…Under scenarios aiming to increase the RE penetration with small RE investmentsetting aside the risk related to system adequacy (i.e., curtailment or shortage situations) or in cases when Morocco relies on its current flexibility options (i.e., imports from Spain, pumped hydro storage or demand response) [96] to alleviate these issues, Morocco has to invest more in wind due to its strong and regular Cf-along the Atlas mountain ridge in eastern regions and southern regions where the coastal climate effect of the Atlantic ocean can be more intense and reliable-which could reduce the costs that an investor would face every year compared to currently expensive CSP-TES plants (consonant with [86]). Dispatchable CSP plants with high storage capacity will very likely reduce the intermittency of PV and the variability of wind feed-in at such high RE share scenarios if Morocco increased the RE budget [51].…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utility-Scale PV-Battery versus CSP-Thermal Storage in Morocco: Storage and Cost Effect under Penetration Scenarios

2021

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In this study, we examine how Battery Storage (BES) and Thermal Storage (TES) combined with solar Photovoltaic (PV) and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies with an increased storage duration and rental cost together with diversification would influence the Moroccan mix and to what extent the variability (i.e., adequacy risk) can be reduced; this is done using recent (2013) cost data and under various penetration scenarios. To do this, we use MERRA-2 climate reanalysis to simulate hourly demand and capacity factors (CFs) of wind, solar PV and CSP without and with increasing storage capabilities—as defined by the CSP Solar Multiple (SM) and PV Inverter Loading Ratio (ILR). We adjust these time series to observations for the four Moroccan electrical zones over the year 2018. Our objective is to maximize the renewable (RE) penetration and minimize the imbalances between RE production and consumption considering three optimization strategies. We analyze mixes along Pareto fronts using the Mean-Variance Portfolio approach—implemented in the E4CLIM model—in which we add a maximum-cost constraint to take into account the different rental costs of wind, PV and CSP. We propose a method to calculate the rental cost of storage and production technologies taking into account the constraints on storage associated with the increase of SM and ILR in the added PV-BES and CSP-TES modules, keeping the mean solar CFs fixed. We perform some load bands-reduction diagnostics to assess the reliability benefits provided by each RE technology. We find that, at low penetrations, the maximum-cost budget is not reached because a small capacity is needed. The higher the ILR for PV, the larger the share of PV in the mix compared to wind and CSP without storage is removed completely. Between PV-BES and CSP-TES, the latter is preferred as it has larger storage capacity and thus stronger impact in reducing the adequacy risk. As additional BES are installed, more than TES, PV-BES is favored. At high penetrations, optimal mixes are impacted by cost, the more so as CSP (resp., PV) with high SM (resp., ILR) are installed. Wind is preferably installed due to its high mean CF compared to cost, followed by either PV-BES or CSP/CSP-TES. Scenarios without or with medium storage capacity favor CSP/CSP-TES, while high storage duration scenarios are dominated by low-cost PV-BES. However, scenarios ignoring the storage cost and constraints provide more weight to PV-BES whatever the penetration level. We also show that significant reduction of RE variability can only be achieved through geographical diversification. Technological complementarity may only help to reduce the variance when PV and CSP are both installed without or with a small amount of storage. However, the diversification effect is slightly smaller when the SM and ILR are increased and the covariances are reduced as well since mixes become less diversified.

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Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utility-Scale PV-Battery versus CSP-Thermal Storage in Morocco: Storage and Cost Effect under Penetration Scenarios

2021

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“…A variety of research shows promising technical and economic feasibility of producing hydrogen/ammonia from renewable sources and exporting to other locations in Europe or Asia [37][38][39]. In this regard, Australia [40,41], Morocco [42,43], and Chile [44,45] are in the lead with the development of green ammonia production facilities. Brazil, one of the major consumers of fertilizers that also has a significant renewable energy capacity, and Iceland, were also considered for this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Ammonia-Based Electricity

Boero

Kardux²,

Ковалева

et al. 2021

Energies

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In recent years, several researchers have studied the potential use of ammonia (NH3) as an energy vector, focused on the techno-economic advantages and challenges for full global deployment. The use of ammonia as fuel is seen as a strategy to support decarbonization; however, to confirm the sustainability of the shift to ammonia as fuel in thermal engines, a study of the environmental profile is needed. This paper aims to assess the environmental life cycle impacts of ammonia-based electricity generated in a combined heat and power cycle for different ammonia production pathways. A cradle-to-gate assessment was developed for both ammonia production and ammonia-based electricity generation. The results show that electrolysis-based ammonia from renewable and nuclear energy have a better profile in terms of global warming potential (0.09–0.70 t CO2-eq/t NH3), fossil depletion potential (3.62–213.56 kg oil-eq/t NH3), and ozone depletion potential (0.001–0.082 g CFC-11-eq/t NH3). In addition, surplus heat for district or industrial applications offsets some of the environmental burden, such as a more than 29% reduction in carbon footprint. In general, ammonia-based combined heat and power production presents a favorable environmental profile, for example, the carbon footprint ranges from −0.480 to 0.003 kg CO2-eq/kWh.

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“…First, biomass as a raw material has different seasonal availability and high purchase costs, which may arise due to the limited availability of the raw material. A further particularity is the low density of biomass as a raw material, which points that the various operating costs (storage, handling, transport, and others) are potentially increased along the whole supply chain [45,46].…”

Section: Supply Chain By Renewable Energy Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1) Recommendations for the development of the supply chain for biomass Sustainable production of adequate quantities of biomass is a major issue in addition to storage constraints for biomass energy. Basically, three methods can be retained: storage on the ground with low storage costs, intermediate storage between farmers and stations which require higher delivery costs, and finally storage close to the station which optimizes delivery costs [46]. Therefore, optimized storage solutions for biomass sources make an important contribution in terms of cost reduction, the flexibility of the supply system, and sustainability of the supply chain [78].…”

Section: (3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable Power Generation: A Supply Chain Perspective

et al. 2021

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In recent years, the transition to a more sustainable and clean system has focused on the accelerated development of renewable energy technologies. This transition can be perceived as a major priority, especially with the current environmental concerns, threatening various aspects of human life. The objective of this article is, therefore, to highlight the role of the supply chain in the renewable power generation sector. In this context, a detailed assessment of the supply chain contribution to the renewable energy sector is presented. Next, the performance of the renewable energy supply chain is qualitatively evaluated by illustrating the various barriers against continuing development, and the key measures are recommended to overcome these barriers. Then, the main factors influencing the performance of the supply chain are identified and key performance indicators related to the renewable energy supply chain are established to achieve high efficiency and sustainability performances in the power sector.

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Towards a large-scale integration of renewable energies in Morocco

Abstract: Highlights Towards a large-Scale Integration of Renewable Energies in Morocco. Current status of major RE projects in Morocco. Key elements for successful transformation of the power system.

Cited by 73 publications

References 78 publications

Utility-Scale PV-Battery versus CSP-Thermal Storage in Morocco: Storage and Cost Effect under Penetration Scenarios

Utility-Scale PV-Battery versus CSP-Thermal Storage in Morocco: Storage and Cost Effect under Penetration Scenarios

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Ammonia-Based Electricity

Renewable Power Generation: A Supply Chain Perspective

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