Total fluoride intake and excretion in children up to 4 years of age living in fluoridated and non‐fluoridated areas

Abstract

Fractional fluoride retention is important during the early years of life when considering the risk of development of dental fluorosis. This study aimed to measure fractional fluoride retention in young children. The objectives were to investigate the relationships between fractional fluoride retention and total daily fluoride intake, age, and body mass index (BMI). Twenty-nine healthy children, up to 4 yr of age, participated; 14 lived in a fluoridated area (0.64 μg ml(-1) of fluoride in drinking water) and 15 lived in a non-fluoridated area (0.04 μg ml(-1) of fluoride in drinking water). The total daily fluoride intake of each child was calculated from the daily dietary fluoride intake and toothpaste ingestion (if fluoride toothpaste was used). Total daily fluoride excretion was measured by collecting voided urine and faeces over a 24-h period, and fractional fluoride retention was calculated by dividing the amount of fluoride retained in the body (total daily fluoride intake minus total daily fluoride excretion) by the total daily fluoride intake. Nine children were excluded from data analysis because of suspected invalid samples. Mean (range) fractional fluoride retention for the remaining 20 children was 0.61 (0.06-0.98). There were no statistically significant correlations between fractional fluoride retention and either age or BMI. However, fractional fluoride retention was correlated with total daily fluoride intake: fractional fluoride retention = 1 - exp (-C × total daily fluoride intake), where C = 28.75 (95% CI = 19.75-37.75). The wide variation in fluoride retention in young children could have important implications when recommendations for fluoride use are being considered.

Atitudes e conhecimento dos pais quanto ao uso de dentifrícios fluoretados em crianças de um a 65 meses de idade

“…Entretanto, o uso de dentifrícios fluoretados em crianças mais jovens deve ser supervisionado pelos pais, uma vez que elas tendem a engolir de 30% a 63,2% do produto durante a escovação [9][10][11][12] . Entre os fatores de ingestão de dentifrícios, está o fato de a criança não ter o reflexo de expectoração totalmente desenvolvido 13 .…”

Fluoride in Human Health and Nutrition

“…A comment has to be put on the average estimated total fluoride intakes of 0.260 mg/kg body weight in areas with fluoride contents in water above 1.2 mg/l. 30,244,249 These intakes extremely exceed the AI and also the upper limit 50 of fluoride daily intake set at 0.10 mg/kg body weight for children up to the age of eight years.…”

“…Review of data (Table 1) reveals that the contribution of fluoride with the toothpaste in nonfluoridated and fluoridated areas is substantial and represents about half of the estimated average total intake and that the estimates for the total daily intake of fluoride in some studies exceed Štepec and Ponikvar-Svet: Fluoride in Human Health and Nutrition the AI in both nonfluoridated and fluoridated areas. 30,[243][244][245][246][247][248][249][250][251] The average estimated daily intake of fluoride in nonfluoridated areas is higher and in fluoridated areas lower, than that reported with diet and toothpaste a decade ago (0.036 and 0.071 mg/kg body weight in nonfluoridated and fluoridated areas, respectively). 23 Possible explanations for these differences are that the recent research (Table 1) has been more focused on: (1) the actual intakes of fluoride, as determined by duplicate diet technique; (2) the total oral fluoride intake including actual intake of fluoride with the toothpaste; and (3) the use of more accurate and precise analytical methods for total fluorine determination.…”

Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic Bioaccessibility of 24 h Duplicate Diet Ingested by Preschool Children Attending Day Care Centers in Brazil

“…They were also asked to remove the foods’ parts that are not normally eaten such as bones, skin, and seeds before storing the duplicate food and drink in containers in a refrigerator until the researchers collect the 24-h diet samples. For cooked meals, parents were asked to make a similar plate with the same portion of the children’s plates and wait until the children finish the meal and then to add or remove comparable amounts of food from the duplicate plate [25,26]. The same protocol was accomplished at the DCCs and the investigators monitored the children during the whole day.…”