Top-down and bottom-up sequential modulations of congruency effects

Notebaert, Wim; Gevers, Wim; Verbruggen, Frederick; Liefooghe, Baptist

doi:10.3758/bf03193821

Cited by 146 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The distinction between slow and fast pace is particularly important for the interpretation of neuroimaging studies, which in general have used long intertrial intervals, as required by technical constraints in extracting the hemodynamic signal. However, differences in intertrial interval cannot provide a full explanation, as some studies have found a trial-to-trial modulation in the absence of repetition priming, even at short intervals (Notebaert et al, 2006). Although dynamic cross-task trial-to-trial modulation of cognitive control was absent in Experiment 1, a sustained increase in top-down regulation was observed in Experiment 2; congruency effect was reduced in blocks with a high ratio of incongruent-to-congruent trials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Cognitive control: Dynamic, sustained, and voluntary influences.

Fernandez-Duque

Knight

2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

102

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The cost of incongruent stimuli is reduced when conflict is expected. This series of experiments tested whether this improved performance is due to repetition priming or to enhanced cognitive control. Using a paradigm in which Word and Number Stroop alternated every trial, Experiment 1 assessed dynamic trial-to-trial changes. Incongruent trials led to task-specific reduction of conflict (trial n ϩ 2) without cross-task modulation (trial n ϩ 1), but this was fully explained by repetition priming. In contrast, an increased ratio of incongruent words did lead to sustained task-specific enhancement, above and beyond repetition priming (Experiment 2). Experiments 3 and 4 assessed the voluntary modulation of cognitive control: A cue predicted the congruency of the incoming trial, allowing participants to establish the correct mindset (Word Stroop in Experiment 3, Flanker task in Experiment 4). Preparing oneself to process an incongruent word (or flanker) enhanced conflict resolution in the subsequent Number Stroop, an example of cross-task modulation. Taken together, these experiments reveal the multifaceted aspects of conflict resolution: Trial-to-trial changes are often due to repetition priming; sustained modulations brought about by task demands are task specific; and voluntary modulations are task general.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Cognitive control: Dynamic, sustained, and voluntary influences.

Fernandez-Duque

Knight

2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

102

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“…In one case, reliable amounts of sequential modulation were observed when trials alternated between two different tasks (Freitas et al, 2007); in another case, reliable sequential modulation was observed in a novel task that combined elements of the spatial version of the Stroop task and temporal flankers (Kunde & Wühr, 2006). Demonstrations of significant sequential modulation have also occurred when congruence was at chance and mostbut not all-of the repetition confounds were controlled (e.g., Notebaert et al, 2006). Clearly, more research is necessary.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Observation: Three reasons to avoid having half of the trials be congruent in a four-alternative forced-choice experiment on sequential modulation

Mordkoff

2012

Psychon Bull Rev

120

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Sequential modulation is the finding that the sizes of several selective-attention phenomena-namely, the Simon, flanker, and Stroop effects-are larger following congruent trials than following incongruent trials. In order to rule out relatively uninteresting explanations of sequential modulation that are based on a variety of stimulus-and response-repetition confounds, a four-alternative forced choice task must be used, such that all trials with any kind of repetition can be omitted from the analysis. When a fouralternative task is used, the question arises as to whether to have the proportions of congruent and incongruent trials be set by chance (and, therefore, be 25% congruent and 75% incongruent) or to raise the proportion of congruent trials to 50%, so that it matches the proportion of incongruent trials. In this observation, it is argued that raising the proportion of congruent trials to 50% should not be done. For theoretical, practical, and empirical reasons, having half of the trials be congruent in a four-alternative task aimed at providing unambiguous evidence of sequential modulation should be avoided.

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“…Therefore, the feature integration account is a viable account of the sequential modulations in the Simon effect (Notebaert et al, 2001). 1 To dissociate the contributions of the two processes, Notebaert, Gevers, Verbruggen, and Liefooghe (2006) used a three-choice Stroop task with two different response-stimulus intervals (RSIs). They hypothesized that conflict monitoring would take time to exert its effect on performance on the subsequent trial because it was a "top-down" process.…”

Section: Two Accounts Of Sequential Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conflict monitoring and feature overlap: Two sources of sequential modulations

Akçay

Hazeltine

2007

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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Recent findings demonstrating that the Simon effect diminishes when the preceding trial is a noncorresponding trial led researchers to develop two alternative accounts. The conflict monitoring account argues that the automatic activation from stimulus location information is under the regulation of a control mechanism, which adjusts the level of activation depending on conflict in the preceding trial. In contrast, the feature integration account holds that sequential modulations of the Simon effect can be attributed to the integration of stimulus and response features into event files. Previous research demonstrated a potential contribution to sequential modulations from both mechanisms. We use a four-choice task to extend these findings and to investigate the exact nature of the feature overlap effects. Both conflict monitoring and feature overlap effects were found to contribute to sequential modulations. However, the feature overlap effects did not conform to predictions of the feature integration account. We argue that the feature overlap effects are accounted for better by strategic shortcuts in response selection.

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Top-down and bottom-up sequential modulations of congruency effects

Cited by 146 publications

References 33 publications

Cognitive control: Dynamic, sustained, and voluntary influences.

Cognitive control: Dynamic, sustained, and voluntary influences.

Observation: Three reasons to avoid having half of the trials be congruent in a four-alternative forced-choice experiment on sequential modulation

Conflict monitoring and feature overlap: Two sources of sequential modulations

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