Conflict monitoring and feature overlap: Two sources of sequential modulations

Akçay, Çağlar; Hazeltine, Eliot

doi:10.3758/bf03196831

Cited by 86 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…When Mayr and colleagues analysed only complete alternation trials, where both the word and the colour change (e.g., BLUE red followed by GREEN yellow ), the Gratton effect QUESTIONING CONFLICT ADAPTATION 21 was eliminated. Subsequent work has confirmed that removing these stimulus binding biases substantially reduces the Gratton effect, but a significant remaining effect is often observed (e.g., Akçay & Hazeltine, 2007Funes, Lupiáñez, & Humphreys, 2010;Van Gaal, Lamme, & Ridderinkhof, 2010;Verbruggen, Notebaert, Liefooghe, & Vandierendonck, 2006). Thus, binding plays a sizeable role, but is clearly not the whole story (see Egner, 2007 for a review).…”

Section: Grattonmentioning

confidence: 86%

Questioning conflict adaptation: proportion congruent and Gratton effects reconsidered

2013

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Conflict adaptation is one of the most popular ideas in cognitive psychology. It purports to explain a wide range of data, including both brain and behavioural data from the proportion congruent and Gratton paradigms. However, in recent years many concerns about the viability of this account have been raised. It has been argued that contingency learning, not conflict adaptation, produces the proportion congruent effect. Similarly, the Gratton paradigm has been shown to contain several confounds, most notably feature repetition biases. Newer work on temporal learning further questions the interpretability of the behavioural results of conflict adaptation studies. Brain data linking supposed conflict adaptation to the anterior cingulated cortex (ACC) has also come into question, as this area seems to be solely responsive to time-ontask rather than conflict. This review points to the possibility that conflict adaptation may simply be an illusion. However, the extant data remain ambiguous and there are a lot of open questions that still need to be addressed in future research. QUESTIONING CONFLICT ADAPTATION 3 Questioning Conflict Adaptation: Proportion Congruent and Gratton Effects ReconsideredThe role of cognitive control in basic mental functions is one of the primary questions of interest for cognitive psychologists. One of the most popular ideas in the literature is conflict adaptation, the idea that we deal with conflict between stimuli in our environment by shifting attention away from the source of conflict and toward the stimulus we wish to process. The Stroop paradigm (Stroop, 1935) offers the most common way of studying conflict adaptation. In this task, participants identify the print colour of a colour word. Response times and error rates are increased to incongruent stimuli (e.g., the word BLUE printed in red; BLUE red ) relative to congruent stimuli (e.g., BLUE blue ). Other commonly used paradigms included the Eriksen flanker task (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974), in which congruent or incongruent distracting letters (or words) are presented on either side of a centrally-located target letter (or word); and the Simon task (Simon & Rudell, 1967), in which a distracting stimulus location is either congruent or incongruent with the response that needs to be made to the target (e.g., a left keypress for a stimulus on the right side of the screen). In paradigms such as these, evidence for conflict adaptation comes from the observation that the size of the congruency effect can be altered in response to changes in conflict. In particular, this paper discusses the proportion congruent and Gratton paradigms.Conflict adaptation theory has a lot of explanatory power. However, the goal of this paper is to explore whether or not conflict adaptation must be assumed in order to explain such phenomena as the proportion congruent and Gratton effects. Some of the mounting evidence against the highly popular conflict adaptation account will be discussed and it will be argued that simpler, non-conflict learning and...

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Section: Grattonmentioning

confidence: 86%

Questioning conflict adaptation: proportion congruent and Gratton effects reconsidered

2013

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“…A typical finding when investigating Simon compatibility effects, for example, is that the size of the Simon effect critically depends on the characteristics of the preceding trial. In particular, the sequential modulation effect reflects the finding that Simon effects in a current trial N are smaller following incompatible trials in N -1 compared to those following compatible trials in N -1 (Akçay & Hazeltine, 2007;Fischer, Dreisbach, & Goschke, 2008;Hommel, Proctor, & Vu, 2004;Notebaert, Soetens, & Melis, 2001;Stürmer, Leuthold, Soetens, Schröter, & Sommer, 2002;Wühr & Ansorge, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Trial-to-trial sequential dependencies in a social and non-social Simon task

Liepelt

Wenke

Fischer

et al. 2010

Psychological Research

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Recent research has shown that joint-action effects in a social Simon task provide a good index of action co-representation. The present study aimed to specify the mechanisms underlying joint action by considering trial-to-trial transitions. Using non-social stimuli, we assigned a Simon task to two participants. Each was responsible for only one of two possible responses. This task was performed alone (Individual go/nogo task) and in cooperation with another person who was sitting alongside (Joint go/nogo task). As a further control task, we added a Standard Simon task. Replicating previous findings (Sebanz et al. in Cognition 88:B11-B21, 2003), we found no spatial compatibility effect in the Individual go/nogo task but we did find one in the Joint go/nogo task. A more detailed analysis showed that a sequential modulation of the Simon effect was present in both the Joint and the Individual go/nogo tasks. We found reliable Simon effects in trials following Simon compatible trials not only in the Joint go/nogo task but also to a somewhat smaller extent in the Individual go/nogo task. For both these go/nogo tasks, sequential modulation effects were stronger for nogo/go transitions than for go/go transitions. This suggests that low-level feature binding and repetition mechanisms contribute to the social Simon effect related to the specific requirement not to respond on nogo trials.

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“…Several studies have employed designs under which congruent trials occur more often than they would by chancethat is, more often that they would if the relevant and irrelevant attributes of the stimulus were selected independently. In particular, in several recent studies the researchers have used 4-AFC tasks with designs under which congruent trials occur 50% of the time, instead of the 25% that would be expected by chance (e.g., Akçay & Hazeltine, 2007Wendt & Kiesel, 2011); other experiments have used rates of congruence that are even farther from what would be expected by chance, such as 70% congruent trials in a 3-AFC task (e.g., Kerns et al, 2004;Larson, Kaufman, & Perlstein, 2009;Mayr & Awh, 2009). The goal of this observation is to convince the reader that this should not be done; 50% congruent should, instead, be avoided when the task is 4-AFC.…”

Section: Abstract Executive Control Cognitive Control Selective Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation: Three reasons to avoid having half of the trials be congruent in a four-alternative forced-choice experiment on sequential modulation

Mordkoff

2012

Psychon Bull Rev

120

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Sequential modulation is the finding that the sizes of several selective-attention phenomena-namely, the Simon, flanker, and Stroop effects-are larger following congruent trials than following incongruent trials. In order to rule out relatively uninteresting explanations of sequential modulation that are based on a variety of stimulus-and response-repetition confounds, a four-alternative forced choice task must be used, such that all trials with any kind of repetition can be omitted from the analysis. When a fouralternative task is used, the question arises as to whether to have the proportions of congruent and incongruent trials be set by chance (and, therefore, be 25% congruent and 75% incongruent) or to raise the proportion of congruent trials to 50%, so that it matches the proportion of incongruent trials. In this observation, it is argued that raising the proportion of congruent trials to 50% should not be done. For theoretical, practical, and empirical reasons, having half of the trials be congruent in a four-alternative task aimed at providing unambiguous evidence of sequential modulation should be avoided.

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Conflict monitoring and feature overlap: Two sources of sequential modulations

Cited by 86 publications

References 23 publications

Questioning conflict adaptation: proportion congruent and Gratton effects reconsidered

Questioning conflict adaptation: proportion congruent and Gratton effects reconsidered

Trial-to-trial sequential dependencies in a social and non-social Simon task

Observation: Three reasons to avoid having half of the trials be congruent in a four-alternative forced-choice experiment on sequential modulation

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